Abstract
The spatial and temporal variation of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN) in a coastal reclamation area in eastern China were studied based on the ordinary kriging method. The 0–20 cm soil organic carbon pool (SOCP) and soil total nitrogen pool (STNP) ranged from 4.38 to 15.92 Mg/ha and from 0.24 to 2.37 Mg/ha, respectively, during the observed period. The results show there was a low level of spatial variation in both SOC and STN, which is to some extent the result of the same farmland management practiced in this region. The seasonal variation of SOC was attributed to plant growth and crop residue returning back to soil, while the spatial variation was mainly resulted from the fertilization practice. The average 0–20 cm SOCP and STNP were 10.38 ± 2.50 and 1.27 ± 0.38 Mg/ha, respectively, in the study region, both of which were much lower than in other ecosystems. Further analysis indicated that SOC was positively correlated with STN. This work revealed that the reclamation area from the tidal flat should be a potential sink for SOC and STN.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akala VA, Lal R (2001) Soil organic carbon pool and sequestration rates in reclaimed minesoils in Ohio. J Environ Qual 30:2098–2104
Bai J, Ouyang H, Deng W, Zhu Y, Zhang X, Wang Q (2005) Spatial distribution characteristics of organic matter and total nitrogen of marsh soils in river marginal wetlands. Geoderma 124:181–192
Baines SJ, Worden RH (2004) Geological storage of carbon dioxide. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 233:1–6
Bhagat RM, Verma TS (1991) Impact of rice straw management on soil physical properties and wheat yield. Soil Sci 152:108–115
Cambardella CA, Moorman TB, Novak JM, Parkin TB, Karlen DL, Turco RF, Konopka AE (1994) Field-scale variability of soil properties in central Iowa soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 58:1501–1511
Castrignanòa A, Giugliarinib L, Risalitib R, Martinelli N (2000) Study of spatial relationships among some soil physico-chemical properties of a field in central Italy using multivariate geostatistics. Geoderma 97:39–60
Cerón-Bretón JG, Cerón-Bretón RM, Rangel-Marrón M, Estrella-Cahuich A (2010) Evaluation of carbon sequestration potential in undisturbed mangrove forest in Términos Lagoon, Campeche. International Conference on Development, Energy, Environment, Economics, pp 295–300
Clark MS, William RH, Carol S, Kate MS (1998) Changes in soil chemical properties resulting from organic and low-input farming practices. Agron J 90:662–671
Cui J, Liu C, Li Z, Wang L, Chen X, Ye Z, Fang C (2012) Long-term changes in topsoil chemical properties under centuries of cultivation after reclamation of coastal wetlands in the Yangtze Estuary, China. Soil Tillage Res 123:50–60. doi:10.1016/j.still.2012.03.009
Dalal RC, Allen DE, Wang WJ, Reeves S, Gibson I (2011) Organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks in a Vertisol following 40 years of no-tillage, crop residue retention and nitrogen fertilisation. Soil Tillage Res 112:133–139. doi:10.1016/j.still.2010.12.006
Darwish OH, Persaud N, Martens DC (1995) Effect of long-term application of animal manure on physical properties of three soils. Plant Soil 176:289–295
Davidson EA, Teumbore S, Amundson R (2000) Biogeochemistry: soil warming and organic carbon content. Nature 408:789–790
Elbasiouny H, Abowaly M, Abu Alkheir A, Gad AA (2014) Spatial variation of soil carbon and nitrogen pools by using ordinary kriging method in an area of north Nile Delta. Egypt Catena 113:70–78. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2013.09.008
Galea WJ, Cambardella CA, Bailey TB (2000) Root-derived carbon and the formation and stabilization of aggregates. Soil Sci Soc Am J 64:201–207
Gee GW, Or D (2002) Particle-size analysis. Methods of soil analysis: part 4 physical methods. Soil Sci Soc Am, Madison, Wisconsin
Gupta JP, Aggarwal PR (1992) Integrated resource management for sustained crop production in arid regions of India. Am J Altern Agric 7:157–160
Huang B et al (2007) Temporal and spatial variability of soil organic matter and total nitrogen in an agricultural ecosystem as affected by farming practices. Geoderma 139:336–345. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.02.012
Huang M, Shi Z, Gong J (2008) Potential of multitemporal ERS-2 SAR imagery for land use mapping in coastal zone of Shangyu City, China. J Coastal Res 241:170–176. doi:10.2112/06-0651.1
Iost S, Landgraf D, Makeschin F (2007) Chemical soil properties of reclaimed marsh soil from Zhejiang Province P. R. China. Geoderma 142:245–250. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.08.001
Iqbal J, Thomasson JA, Jenkins JN, Owens PR, Whisler FD (2005) Spatial variability analysis of soil physical properties of alluvial soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 69:1338. doi:10.2136/sssaj2004.0154
Jarecki MK, Lal R (2005) Soil organic carbon sequestration rates in two long-term no-till experiments in Ohio. Soil Sci 175:280–291
Klute A (1986) Methods of soil analysis. Part 1: physical and mineralogical methods. American Society of Agronomy, Inc, Madison, Wisconsin
Lal R (2004) Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science 304:1623–1627. doi:10.1126/science.1097396
Lal R (2008) Carbon sequestration. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 363:815–830. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2185
Lal R, Kimble JM, Follet RF, Cole CV (1998) The potential of US cropland to sequester carbon and mitigate the greenhouse effect. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea
Li D, Shao M (2014) Soil organic carbon and influencing factors in different landscapes in an arid region of northwestern China. Catena 116:95–104. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2013.12.014
Li C, Zhang J, Fan D, Deng B (2001) Holocene regression and the tidal radial sand ridge system formation in the Jiangsu coastal zone, east China. Mar Geol 173:97–120
Liu G, Yang J, Jiang Y (2005) Salinity characters of soils and groundwater in typical coastal area in Jiangsu Province (in Chinese). Soils 37:163–168
Liu C et al (2013) The effect of long-term reclamation on enzyme activities and microbial community structure of saline soil at Shangyu. China/Environ Earth Sci 69:151–159. doi:10.1007/s12665-012-1943-1
Luise G, Angela L (2000) Initiale Marschbodenentwicklung aus brackigen Sedimenten des Dollarts an der südwestlichen Nordseeküste. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 163:549–553
Oades JM (1984) Soil organic matter and structural stability: mechanisms and implications for management. Plant Soil 76:319–337
Peter L, Hans-Rolf S, Martin K (1994) Seasonal variations of soil organic matter in a long-term agricultural experiment. Plant Soil 160:225–235
Portnoy JW (1999) Salt marsh diking and restoration: biochemical implications of altered wetland hydrology. Environ Manage 24:111–120
Post WM, Emanuel WR, Zinke PJ, Stangenberger AG (1982) Soil carbon pools and world life zones. Nature 298:156–159
Qadir M, Noble AD, Schubert S, Thomas RJ, Arslan A (2006) Sodicity-induced land degradation and its sustainable management: problems and prospects. Land Degrad Dev 17:661–676. doi:10.1002/ldr.751
Reeves DW (1997) The role of soil organic matter in maintaining soil quality in continuous cropping systems. Soil Tillage Res 43:131–167
Shen Y, Feng N, Zhou Q, Liu Y, Chen Z (2006) The status and its influence of reclamation on Jiangsu coast. Mar Sci 10:39–43. (in Chinese)
Shi Z, Cheng J, Huang M, Zhou L (2006) Assessing reclamation levels of coastal saline lands with integrated stepwise discriminant analysis and laboratory hyperspectral data. Pedosphere 16:154–160
Silvestri S, Defina A, Marani M (2005) Tidal regime, salinity and salt marsh plant zonation. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 62:119–130. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2004.08.010
Singh G, Gupta GN, Kuppusamy V (2000) Seasonal variations in organic carbon and nutrient availability in arid zone agroforestry systems. Trop Ecol 41:17–23
Sparks DL et al (1996) Methods of soil analysis. Part 3—chemical methods. Soil Science Society of America Inc, Madison
Sun B, Zhou S, Zhao Q (2003) Evaluation of spatial and temporal changes of soil quality based on geostatistical analysis in the hill region of subtropical China. Geoderma 115:85–99. doi:10.1016/s0016-7061(03)00078-8
Susanne A, Michelle WM (1998) Long-term trends of corn yield and soil organic matter in different crop sequences and soil fertility treatments on the Morrow Plot. Adv Agron 62:153–197
The National Soil Survey Office (1979) The provisional technical regulation of the second soil census. Agricultural press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
Tho N, Vromant N, Hung NT, Hens L (2007) Soil salinity and sodicity in a shrimp farming coastal area of the Mekong Delta. Vietnam. Environ Geol 54:1739–1746. doi:10.1007/s00254-007-0951-z
Wang Z, Zhu S, Yu R (1993) Salt-affected soils in China. Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
Wang Y, Zhang Z, Zhu D, Yang J, Mao L, Li S (2006) River–sea interaction and the north Jiangsu Plain formation. Quaternary Sciences 26:301–320. (in Chinese)
Wong VNL, Murphy BW, Koen TB, Greene RSB, Dalal RC (2008) Soil organic carbon stocks in saline and sodic landscapes. Aust J Soil Res 46:378–389
Wu Y, Liu R, Zhao Y, Li P, Liu C (2009) Spatial and seasonal variation of salt ions under the influence of halophytes, in a coastal flat in eastern China. Environ Geol 57:1501–1508. doi:10.1007/s00254-008-1427-5
Wu Y, Ma W, Li H, Lv G, Lu P (2010) Seasonal variations of soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon in degraded desert steppes of Inner Mongolia (in Chinese). Chin J Appl Ecol 21:312–336. (in Chinese)
Yan C, Sun W, Lu X, Yang D (2007) Study on coastal wetlands use and its ecological protection of Jiangsu Province (in Chinese). Ecol Sci 26:263–268. (in Chinese)
Yost RS, Uehara G, Fox RL (1982) Geostatistical analysis of soil chemical properties of large land areas II kriging. Soil Sci Soc Am J 46:1033–1037
Yu J et al (2014) Spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon in newborn coastal wetlands of the Yellow River delta estuary. Clean Soil Air Water 42:311–318. doi:10.1002/clen.201100511
Zhang J, Song C, Yang W (2006) Land use effects on the distribution of labile organic carbon fractions through soil profiles. Soil Sci Soc Am J 70:660–667
Zhang J, Pu L, Zhu M, Xu Y (2014) Correlation between soil pH and nutrients of tidal-flat reclamation with different years in Rudong county (in Chinese). Res Environ Yangtze Basin 23:225–230
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41230751) and the Scientific Research Foundation of Graduate School of Nanjing University (No. 2014CL09).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, X., Pu, L., Zhang, M. et al. Spatial and temporal variations of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen pools in the coastal reclamation area, eastern China. Environ Earth Sci 74, 4763–4769 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4459-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4459-7