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Experimental study on initiation of gully-type debris flow based on artificial rainfall and channel runoff

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Abstract

Debris flows usually occur abruptly and rapidly in mountainous areas and it is difficult to observe their occurrence progress. Therefore, an experiment has become an important method to study debris flow initiation mechanism in recent years. In this paper, taking Xiongjia Gully in SW China as an example and on the basis of artificial rainfall experiment, the author has studied the initiation of gully-type debris flow. Experiment results indicate some relation between rainfall intensity and gully erosion, failure mode of soil mass, initiation mechanism and characteristics of debris flow. Based on several groups of experiments, conclusions were drawn as follows: (1) Under strong precipitation, the infiltration rate and soil water content in different depths are inversely proportional to the rainfall intensity. Intense rainfall favors the overland flow, gully runoff and erosion, but is not conducive to water infiltration. (2) Slope failure modes and initiation mechanism of debris flow vary with different rainfall and runoff conditions. Under the condition with the rainfall intensity of 55 mm/h, the slope failure mode presents a soil liquefaction and landslide. Accordingly, the debris flow initiation mechanism belongs to landslide transformation. However, under the condition of intense rainfall and runoff, gully beds are easy to be eroded and slopes are prone to collapse. Then, debris flows occurred with initiation mechanism of entrainment. (3) In terms of debris flow characteristics, the debris flow occurrence process consists of several intermittent flows. In addition, the debris flow magnitude and flow viscosity are not consistent with rainfall intensity. On the contrary, under condition of intense rainfall of 65 and 75 mm/h, debris flows tend to be watery. However, under the rainfall condition of 55 mm/h, the flow viscosity is higher. The experiment results are consistent well with the natural debris flow occurrence from Xioangjia Gully.

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Acknowledgments

This research is financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41102226) and the Project of China Special Project of Basic Work of Science and Technology (Grant No. 2011FY110100-1). Great thanks are given to Zongliang Li, Yongbo Tie and Yanchao Gao for their suggestions on experiment design, to Pengcheng Su and Qiao Liu for their enthusiastic help in materials collecting, to Yongjian Bai, Dewei Wang, Dalin Zhang, Hua Ge, Wei Xu, Bo Liao and Xianghua Lian for their hard field work. Last but not the least; special thanks are given to Prof. James W. LaMoreaux and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.

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  1. Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, China Geological Survey, Chengdu, 610081, China

    Hua-yong Ni

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  1. Hua-yong Ni
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Ni, Hy. Experimental study on initiation of gully-type debris flow based on artificial rainfall and channel runoff. Environ Earth Sci 73, 6213–6227 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3845-x

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