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Modelling and Predictive Study of Hydrothermal Liquefaction: Application to Food Processing Residues

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Abstract

Thermochemical processes are promising ways for energy valorization of biomass and waste, but suffer from a lack of predictability. In this work, we focus on using model molecules to model the behavior of wet organic residues during hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), a process used to produce bio-based liquid fuels from wet biomass. Monomeric and polymeric model molecules were used as modelling tools to study HTL of real resources. Experiments with model mixtures and four food processing residues (blackcurrant pomace, raspberry achenes, brewer’s spent grains, grape marc) were conducted at 300 °C, 60 min holding time and a dry matter concentration of 15 wt%. To elaborate model mixtures, four model monomers (glucose, guaiacol, glutamic acid, linoleic acid) and two model polymers (microcrystalline cellulose, alkali lignin) were selected from characterization of blackcurrant pomace. HTL of model mixtures reproduced HTL of blackcurrant pomace with acceptable representativeness, but results showed that model mixtures should include polymers to represent the fiber content of the resource. Results of HTL of model compounds were used to elaborate polynomial correlations able to predict experimental yields as a function of the initial biomass composition. Calculations were within −8.0 to +4.8 wt% of experimental yields obtained by HTL of real food processing residues, showing a good accuracy of the correlations. These expressions also showed good agreement with HTL results reported in the literature for other resources, and could be useful to assess the potential of various kinds of bioresources for HTL.

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Abbreviations

ADF:

Acid detergent fibers

ADL:

Acid detergent lignin

BSG:

Brewer’s spent grains

daf:

Dry ash free

DOE:

Design of experiments

HHV:

Higher heating value (MJ kg−1)

HTL:

Hydrothermal liquefaction

NDF:

Neutral detergent fibres

bi :

Linear contribution coefficient of model compound i

bij :

Binary interaction coefficient between model compound i and model compound j

F:

Value of the F-test

mBO, mC, mG, mIn and mR :

Mass of bio-oil, char, gas, initial dry ash free matter and raw organic residue (g), respectively

Mj :

Molar mass of gaseous species j (g mol−1)

n:

Total number of experiments

p:

Number of parameters of the model (p = 4 for the linear model, p = 10 for the quadratic model)

Pi, Pf :

Initial and final pressures in the reactor (Pa), respectively

q:

Number of model compounds in the DOE

R:

Ideal gas constant (8.314 J K−1 mol−1)

SDbi (or bij) :

Standard deviation on the contribution coefficient bi (or bij)

SSO:

Proportion of solvent-soluble organics in the raw organic residue (wt%)

t:

Value of the student test

Ti, Tf :

Initial and final temperatures in the reactor (K)

VG :

Volume of gaseous phase in the reactor (m3)

WR :

Water content of the raw organic residue (wt%)

xi, xj :

Mass fraction of model compound i or j in the mixture or in the biomass, respectively

ȳ:

Mean value of the experimental responses

Y:

Experimental response (e.g. mass yield of bio-oil)

Yi :

Experimental response of a single model compound

yj :

Molar fraction of gaseous species j

yk :

Measured experimental response for experiment k

ŷk :

Calculated experimental response for experiment k

YA, YBO, YC and YG :

Yield of organic matter in aqueous phase, yields of bio-oil, char and gas (wt% of initial dry ash free matter), respectively

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge financial support from the French Research National Agency ANR (LIQHYD Project. Grant No. ANR-12-BIME-0003). The authors are also grateful to Marine Blanchin, Hélène Miller, Sébastien Thiery and Julien Roussely for technical support and help on analysis of the products.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire de Thermo-Conversion des Bioressources, CEA-LITEN, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France

    Maxime Déniel, Geert Haarlemmer & Anne Roubaud

  2. CNRS Centre RAPSODEE, Ecole des Mines d’Albi, Université de Toulouse, 81013, Albi, France

    Maxime Déniel, Elsa Weiss-Hortala & Jacques Fages

Authors
  1. Maxime Déniel
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  2. Geert Haarlemmer
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Correspondence to Geert Haarlemmer.

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Déniel, M., Haarlemmer, G., Roubaud, A. et al. Modelling and Predictive Study of Hydrothermal Liquefaction: Application to Food Processing Residues. Waste Biomass Valor 8, 2087–2107 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9726-7

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