Abstract
Proton induced reactions have been studied in the energy region from ≈7.0 to 12.5 MeV for niobium, using the stacked foil activation technique followed by gamma ray spectroscopy. The excitation functions for the production of 93mMo, 93mNb and 89gZr have been determined. The experimental data have been compared with theoretical calculations based on compound reactions in statistical equilibrium as well as on pre-equilibrium reactions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S L Goyal and N Kishore Indian J. Phys. 84 553 (2010)
M M Musthafa, M K Sharma, B P Singh and R Prasad Appl. Radiat. Isot. 62 419 (2005)
EXFOR/CSISRS (Experimental Nuclear Reaction Data). Database Version of February 08. Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Nuclear Data Center, http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/exfor/exfor00.htm (2012)
M K Singh, A K Soma, R Pathak and V Singh Indian J. Phys. 85 1523 (2011)
A Kaplan, H. Buyukuslu, E Tel, A Aydin and M H Bolukdemir Indian J. Phys. 85 1615 (2011)
B Satheesh, M M Musthafa, B P Singh and R Prasad Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 20 2119 (2011)
J J Griffin Phys. Rev. Lett. 17 478 (1966)
G D Harp and J M Miller Phys. Rev. C 3 1847 (1971)
E Gadioli, E Gadioli-Erba and P G Sona Nucl. Phys. A 217 589 (1973)
M Blann Phys. Rev. Lett. 27 337 (1971): 27 700(E) (1971)
M Blann Phys. Rev. Lett. 28 757 (1972)
M Blann Annu. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 25 123 (1975)
R D Albert Phys. Rev. 115 925 (1959)
M K Singh, R Pathak and V Singh Indian J. Phys. 84 1257 (2010)
V N Levkovskij Activation Cross section By Protons and Alphas (Moscow) (1991)
M A Avila-Rodriguez, J S Wilson, M J Schueller and S A McQuarrie Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 266 3353 (2008)
F Ditroi, A Hermanne, E Corniani, S Takacs, S Tarkanyi, J Csikai and Yu N Shubin Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 267 3364 (2009)
B P Singh, M K Sharma, M M Musthfa, H D Bhardwaj and R Prasad Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 562 717 (2006)
B G Kiselev and N R Faizrakhmanova 24 Conf. on Nucl. Spectra and Nucl. Struct. (Kharkov), p 356 (1974)
R Michel et al Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 129 153 (1997)
L C Northcliffe and R F Schilling Nucl. Data Tables A7 256 (1970)
M K Bhardwaj, I A Rizvi and A K Chaubey Phys. Rev. C 45 2338 (1992)
N L Singh, S Agarwal, L Chaturvedi and J Rama Rao Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 24/25 480 (1980)
A Agarwal, I A Rizvi and A K Chaubey Can. J. Phys. 86 495 (2008)
E Browne and R B Firestone Table of Radioactive Isotopes (New York: Wiley) (1986)
A. Agarwal, I A Rizvi, R Kumar, B K Yogi and A K Chaubey Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 17 393 (2008)
A H Wapstra and K Bos At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 19 177 (1977)
S F Mughabghab, M Divadeenam and N E Holden Neutron Cross-Sections, vol. 1. (New York: Academic Press) Part A, p 89 (1989)
M. Blann Code ALICE-91 PSR-146, Statistical Model Code System with Fission Competition, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Peripheral Shielding Routine Collection (Livermore: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and IAEA) (1991)
V F Weisskopf and D H Ewing Phys. Rev. 57 472 (1940)
M Blann Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 22. (Berlin: Springer), p 43 (1972)
C K Cline and M Blann Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 242 286 (1985)
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the Chairman, Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (India) for providing necessary facilities to carry out this work. Thanks are also due to the IUC UGC-CSR Kolkata for financial support through IUC project.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rizvi, I.A., Kumar, K., Ahmad, T. et al. Energy dependence of pre-equilibrium emission for the (p,xn) reactions in niobium. Indian J Phys 86, 913–918 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12648-012-0134-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12648-012-0134-y
Keywords
- Excitation functions
- Nuclear reactions
- Niobium
- Proton induced reactions
- Stacked foil activation technique
- Pre-equilibrium emission
- GDH model