Abstract
In a terahertz (THz) band, a graphene-based patch antenna is widely used due to its unique characteristics. In this paper, a high gain \(1\times 2\) microstrip patch antenna array based on periodic and non-periodic photonic crystals with a graphene load is proposed to operate in the terahertz band, which has applications in sensing, imaging and wireless communication technologies. First, the properties of graphene were analyzed by varying the chemical potential (\(\mu _{\rm{c}}\)) from 0 to 1.5 eV. Next, the performance of the proposed antenna array based on periodic photonic crystals with a graphene load is compared to the case with no graphene load. The best performance was achieved at a resonant frequency of 0.630 THz when chemical potential (\(\mu _{\rm{c}}\)) is 1.5 eV, which achieved a minimal return loss of − 73.86 dB, a bandwidth of 287 GHz, a gain of 11.11 dB and directivity of 12 dBi. In addition, we described three different enhancements to the photonic crystal substrate by designing three different antenna arrays with different air holes in square and triangular lattices. The simulation results indicated that performance improved further with non-periodic photonic crystals as found in antenna array 3 which obtained a minimal return loss of − 75.90 dB and larger bandwidth greater than 411 GHz at a resonant frequency of 0.636 THz. The achieved gain and directivity were 11.53 dB and 12.40 dBi, respectively. The simulation is performed with the aid of CST microwave studio.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
P. Russer, N. Fichtner, Nanoelectronics in radio-frequency technology. IEEE Microw. Mag. 11(3), 119–135 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1109/MMM.2010.936077
K.-C. Huang, Z. Wang, Terahertz terabit wireless communication. IEEE Microw. Mag. 12(4), 108–116 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/MMM.2011.940596
M. Biabanifard, M.S. Abrishamian, Circuit modeling of tunable terahertz graphene absorber. Optik 158, 842–849 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.12.112
P.H. Siegel, Terahertz technology in biology and medicine. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 52(10), 2438–2447 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2004.835916
W.L. Chan, J. Deibel, D.M. Mittleman, Imaging with terahertz radiation. Rep. Prog. Phys. 70(8), 1325 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/70/8/R02
N. Surkamp, B. Döpke, Y. Hu, C. Brenner, M. Hofmann, A. Klehr, A., Knigge, G. Tränkle, Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy by asynchronous sampling with modelocked semiconductor lasers, in 2018 First International Workshop on Mobile Terahertz Systems (IWMTS) (IEEE, 2018), pp. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/IWMTS.2018.8454698
S.U. Hwu, K.B. de Silva, C.T. Jih, Terahertz (thz) wireless systems for space applications, in 2013 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium Proceedings (IEEE, 2013), pp. 171–175. https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2013.6493580
D.L. Woolard, R. Brown, M. Pepper, M. Kemp, Terahertz frequency sensing and imaging: a time of reckoning future applications? Proc. IEEE 93(10), 1722–1743 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2005.853539
S. Poorgholam-Khanjari, F.B. Zarrabi, Reconfigurable vivaldi thz antenna based on graphene load as hyperbolic metamaterial for skin cancer spectroscopy. Opt. Commun. 480, 126482 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2020.126482
S. Galoda, G. Singh, Fighting terrorism with terahertz. IEEE Potentials 26(6), 24–29 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/MPOT.2007.906117
D.L. Woolard, J.O. Jensen, R.J. Hwu, Terahertz Science and Technology for Military and Security Applications, vol. 46 (World Scientific, 2007)
D. Tse, P. Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication (Cambridge University Press, 2005). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511807213
M.S. Alam, M.T. Islam, N. Misran, A novel compact split ring slotted electromagnetic bandgap structure for microstrip patch antenna performance enhancement. Progress Electromag. Res. 130, 389–409 (2012). https://doi.org/10.2528/PIER12060702
J.D. Joannopoulos, S.G. Johnson, J.N. Winn, R.D. Meade, Photonic Crystals (Princeton University Press, 2011)
H. Boutayeb, T.A. Denidni, Gain enhancement of a microstrip patch antenna using a cylindrical electromagnetic crystal substrate. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 55(11), 3140–3145 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2007.908818
M.N.E. Temmar, A. Hocini, D. Khedrouche, M. Zamani, Analysis and design of a terahertz microstrip antenna based on a synthesized photonic bandgap substrate using bpso. J. Comput. Electron. 18(1), 231–240 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10825-019-01301-x
A. Hocini, M. Temmar, D. Khedrouche, M. Zamani, Novel approach for the design and analysis of a terahertz microstrip patch antenna based on photonic crystals. Photon. Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl. 36, 100723 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2019.100723
M.N. eddine Temmar, A. Hocini, D. Khedrouche, T.A. Denidni, Enhanced flexible terahertz microstrip antenna based on modified silicon-air photonic crystal. Optik 217, 164897 (2020)
K.R. Jha, G. Singh, Terahertz Planar Antennas for Next Generation Communication (Springer, 2014)
R.K. Kushwaha, P. Karuppanan, L. Malviya, Design and analysis of novel microstrip patch antenna on photonic crystal in thz. Physica B 545, 107–112 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2018.05.045
L. Britnell, R.V. Gorbachev, R. Jalil, B.D. Belle, F. Schedin, M.I. Katsnelson, L. Eaves, S.V. Morozov, A.S. Mayorov, N.M. Peres et al., Electron tunneling through ultrathin boron nitride crystalline barriers. Nano Lett. 12(3), 1707–1710 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl3002205
I. Llatser, C. Kremers, A. Cabellos-Aparicio, J.M. Jornet, E. Alarcón, D.N. Chigrin, Graphene-based nano-patch antenna for terahertz radiation. Photon. Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl. 10(4), 353–358 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2012.05.011
I.F. Akyildiz, J.M. Jornet, Electromagnetic wireless nanosensor networks. Nano Commun. Networks 1(1), 3–19 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2010.04.001
G. Naumis, M. Terrones, H. Terrones, L.M. Gaggero-Sager, Design of graphene electronic devices using nanoribbons of different widths. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(18), 182104 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3257731
D. Schall, D. Neumaier, M. Mohsin, B. Chmielak, J. Bolten, C. Porschatis, A. Prinzen, C. Matheisen, W. Kuebart, B. Junginger et al., 50 gbit/s photodetectors based on wafer-scale graphene for integrated silicon photonic communication systems. ACS Photon. 1(9), 781–784 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ph5001605
B. Sensale-Rodriguez, T. Fang, R. Yan, M. Kelly, D. Jena, L. Liu, H. Xing, Unique prospects for graphene-based terahertz modulators appl. Phys. Lett. (2011). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3636435
J. Wang, W.-B. Lu, Z.-G. Liu, A.-Q. Zhang, H. Chen, Graphene-based microwave antennas with reconfigurable pattern. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 68(4), 2504–2510 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2019.2952239
M. Grande, G.V. Bianco, D. Laneve, P. Capezzuto, V. Petruzzelli, M. Scalora, F. Prudenzano, G. Bruno, A. D’Orazio, Gain and phase control in a graphene-loaded reconfigurable antenna. Appl. Phys. Lett. 115(13), 133103 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5111868
M.Z. Chowdhury, M. Shahjalal, S. Ahmed, Y.M. Jang, 6g wireless communication systems: applications, requirements, technologies, challenges, and research directions. IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc. 1, 957–975 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2020.3010270
M.A.K. Khan, T.A. Shaem, M.A. Alim, Analysis of graphene based miniaturized terahertz patch antennas for single band and dual band operation. Optik 194, 163012 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.163012
M.A.K. Khan, T.A. Shaem, M.A. Alim, Graphene patch antennas with different substrate shapes and materials. Optik 202, 163700 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.163700
R. Bala, A. Marwaha, Characterization of graphene for performance enhancement of patch antenna in thz region. Optik 127(4), 2089–2093 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2015.11.029
S.A. Naghdehforushha, G. Moradi, High directivity plasmonic graphene-based patch array antennas with tunable thz band communications. Optik 168, 440–445 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.04.104
M.N.E. Temmar, A. Hocini, D. Khedrouche, T.A. Denidni, Analysis and design of mimo indoor communication system using terahertz patch antenna based on photonic crystal with graphene. Photon. Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl. 43, 100867 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2020.100867
J. Ren, G. Wang, W. Qiu, Z. Lin, H. Chen, P. Qiu, J.-X. Wang, Q. Kan, J.-Q. Pan, Optimization of the fano resonance lineshape based on graphene plasmonic hexamer in mid-infrared frequencies. Nanomaterials 7(9), 238 (2017)
G.-W. Cheng, K. Chu, J.S. Chen, J.T. Tsai, Fabrication of graphene from graphite by a thermal assisted vacuum arc discharge system. Superlattices Microstruct. 104, 258–265 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2017.02.040
R. Aloui, Z. Houaneb, H. Zairi, Substrate integrated waveguide circular antenna for terahertz application. Progress Electromag. Res. C 96, 229–242 (2019). https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERC19080607
M.E. Benlakehal, A. Hocini, D. Khedrouche, M.N.E. Temmar, T.A. Denidni, Design and analysis of mimo system for thz communication using terahertz patch antenna array based on photonic crystals with graphene. Opt. Quant. Electron. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04081-0
W. Kemp, Organic Spectroscopy (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017)
M.E. Benlakehal, A. Hocini, D. Khedrouche, M.N.E. Temmar, T.A. Denidni, Design and analysis of a 2 × 2 microstrip ratch antenna array based on periodic and non-periodic photonic crystals substrate in thz. Opt. Quant. Electron. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-03563-5
A. Singh, S. Singh, A trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna on photonic crystal substrate for high speed thz applications. Photon. Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl. 14, 52–62 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2015.01.003
M.E. Benlakehal, A. Hocini, D. Khedrouche, T.A. Denidni et al., Design and analysis of novel microstrip patch antenna array based on photonic crystal in thz. Opt. Quant. Electron. 54(5), 1–16 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-03701-z
S.M. Razavizadeh, Simulation of graphene in cst microwave v2015 and comsol multiphysics 5.2 a, IRIB Univ., Tehran, Iran, Technical Report (2017)
S.H. Kim, K.-D. Lee, J.-Y. Kim, M.-K. Kwon, S.-J. Park, Fabrication of photonic crystal structures on light emitting diodes by nanoimprint lithography. Nanotechnology 18(5), 055306 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/18/5/055306
S.M. Palhade, S. Yawale, Design and photo-lithographic fabrication of microstrip patch antenna. Int. J. Sci. Res. 4(2), 2021 (2015)
M.E. Benlakehal, A. Hocini, D. Khedrouche, M.N.E. Temmar, T.A. Denidni, Design and analysis of a 1 × 2 microstrip patch antenna array based on periodic and aperiodic photonic crystals in terahertz. Opt. Quant. Electron. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-03701-z
Y.D. Sirmaci, C.K. Akin, C. Sabah, Fishnet based metamaterial loaded thz patch antenna. Opt. Quant. Electron. 48(2), 1–10 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-016-0449-6
E.C. Britto, S.K. Danasegaran, W. Johnson, Design of slotted patch antenna based on photonic crystal for wireless communication. Int. J. Commun Syst 34(1), e4662 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.4662
F. Wen, S. David, X. Checoury, M. El Kurdi, P. Boucaud, Two-dimensional photonic crystals with large complete photonic band gaps in both te and tm polarizations. Opt. Express 16(16), 12278–12289 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.012278
R. Wang, X.-H. Wang, B.-Y. Gu, G.-Z. Yang, Effects of shapes and orientations of scatterers and lattice symmetries on the photonic band gap in two-dimensional photonic crystals. J. Appl. Phys. 90(9), 4307–4313 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1406965
M. Younssi, A. Jaoujal, M.D. Yaccoub, A. El Moussaoui, N. Aknin, Study of a microstrip antenna with and without superstrate for terahertz frequency. Int. J. Innov. Appl. Stud. 2(4), 369–371 (2013)
G. Singh, Design considerations for rectangular microstrip patch antenna on electromagnetic crystal substrate at terahertz frequency. Infrared Phys. Technol. 53(1), 17–22 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2009.08.002
M. Singh, S. Singh, M.T. Islam, Highly efficient ultra-wide band mimo patch antenna array for short range thz applications, in Emerging Trends in Terahertz Engineering and System Technologies. (Springer, 2021), pp. 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9766-4
R.K. Kushwaha, P. Karuppanan, Y. Srivastava, Proximity feed multiband patch antenna array with SRR and PBG for THZ applications. Optik 175, 78–86 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.08.139
A. Azarbar, M. Masouleh, A. Behbahani, A new terahertz microstrip rectangular patch array antenna. Int. J. Electromag. Appl. 4(1), 25–29 (2014). https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijea.20140401.03
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research through funding for PRFU Project
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Benlakehal, M.E., Hocini, A., Khedrouche, D. et al. Design and analysis of a 1 × 2 microstrip patch antenna array based on photonic crystals with a graphene load in THZ. J Opt 52, 483–493 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-022-01006-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-022-01006-8