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Biophysical approaches in the study of biomembrane solubilization: quantitative assessment and the role of lateral inhomogeneity

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Abstract

Detergents are amphiphilic molecules widely used to solubilize biological membranes and/or extract their components. Nevertheless, because of the complex composition of biomembranes, their solubilization by detergents has not been systematically studied. In this review, we address the solubilization of erythrocytes, which provide a relatively simple, robust and easy to handle biomembrane, and of biomimetic models, to stress the role of the lipid composition on the solubilization process. First, results of a systematic study on the solubilization of human erythrocyte membranes by different series of non-ionic (Triton, CxEy, Brij, Renex, Tween), anionic (bile salts) and zwitterionic (ASB, CHAPS) detergents are shown. Such quantitative approach allowed us to propose Re sat—the effective detergent/lipid molar ratio in the membrane for the onset of hemolysis as a new parameter to classify the solubilization efficiency of detergents. Second, detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) obtained as a result of the partial solubilization of erythrocytes by TX-100, C12E8 and Brij detergents are examined. DRMs were characterized by their cholesterol, sphingolipid and specific proteins content, as well as lipid packing. Finally, lipid bilayers of tuned lipid composition forming liposomes were used to investigate the solubilization process of membranes of different compositions/phases induced by Triton X-100. Optical microscopy of giant unilamellar vesicles revealed that pure phospholipid membranes are fully solubilized, whereas the presence of cholesterol renders the mixture partially or even fully insoluble, depending on the composition. Additionally, Triton X-100 induced phase separation in raft-like mixtures, and selective solubilization of the fluid phase only.

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Abbreviations

ASB:

aminosulfobetaines

C:

Cholate

CB:

Cascade blue – Dextran

CHAPS:

Cholamido propyl dimethylammonio propanesulfonate

chol:

Cholesterol

cmc:

Critical micelle concentration

Cprot :

Detergent concentration for maximum protection against hemolysis, at hyposmotic condition

Csat (Csol):

Detergent concentration for the onset (complete) membrane solubilization

DC:

Desoxycholate

DRM:

Detergent resistant membrane fractions

GC:

Glycocholate

GD:

Glycochenodeoxycholate

GUVs:

Giant unilamellar vesicles

HLB:

Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance

Ht:

Hematocrit

LC:

Lithocholate

Ld :

Liquid disordered phase

Lo :

Liquid ordered phase

LUV:

Large unilamellar vesicles

POPC:

Palmitoyl oleoyl phosphatidylcholine

PTS:

Pyrenetetrasulphonic acid

Re sat (Re sol):

Effective detergent/lipid molar ratio for the onset (complete) solubilization

SASL:

Doxyl stearic acid spin label

SM:

Sphingomyelin

SRB:

Sulforhodamine B

TC:

Taurocholate

TD:

Taurochenodeoxycholate

TX-100:

Triton X-100

UD:

Ursodeoxycholate

VL:

Viologen

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Elsevier for the permission to use Fig. 4, originally published in Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1808:164-170, 2011; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.10.016. The authors are grateful to Dr. M. Teresa Lamy for the use of the EPR equipment, and Dr. Shirley Schreier for inspiring discussions.

Funding

This study was funded by FAPESP (09/901–1 – EP; 11/22171–6 and 13/20499–0 – KAR; 10/18516–5 - CCD), CNPq (308,621/2013–1 – EP; 472,054/2011–2, 158,413/2013–0 – KAR; 479,993/2011–4 – CCD) and INCT-FCx (KAR).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 04039-032, Brazil

    Karin A. Riske, Bruna R. Casadei, Bruno Mattei, Amanda C. Caritá & Rafael B. Lira

  2. Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box - 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-862, Brazil

    Cleyton C. Domingues, Bruna R. Casadei, Paulo S. C Preté & Eneida de Paula

  3. Department of Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 200037, USA

    Cleyton C. Domingues

  4. Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil

    Paulo S. C Preté

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  2. Cleyton C. Domingues
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  3. Bruna R. Casadei
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  4. Bruno Mattei
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  5. Amanda C. Caritá
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  6. Rafael B. Lira
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  7. Paulo S. C Preté
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  8. Eneida de Paula
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eneida de Paula.

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Conflicts of interest

Karin A. Riske declares that she has no conflicts of interest. Cleyton C. Domingues declares that he has no conflicts of interest. Bruna R. Casadei declares that she has no conflicts of interest. Bruno Mattei declares that he has no conflicts of interest. Amanda C. Caritá declares that she has no conflicts of interest. Rafael B. Lira declares that he has no conflicts of interest. Paulo S. C Preté declares that he has no conflicts of interest. Eneida de Paula declares that she has no conflicts of interest.

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This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of a Special Issue on ‘Latin America’ edited by Pietro Ciancaglini and Rosangela Itri.

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Riske, K.A., Domingues, C.C., Casadei, B.R. et al. Biophysical approaches in the study of biomembrane solubilization: quantitative assessment and the role of lateral inhomogeneity. Biophys Rev 9, 649–667 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12551-017-0310-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12551-017-0310-6

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