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Small-mammal postcrania from the middle Paleocene of Walbeck, Germany

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Abstract

The fissure fills of Walbeck, northwest of Halle, have produced one of the largest known assemblages of Paleocene vertebrates and the only one of this age from Germany. Nearly 6,000 mammalian specimens have been identified, almost half of which represent small mammals of less than 500 g, the majority probably weighing <100 g. We describe here for the first time >350 postcranial elements collected more than 70 years ago. Multiple morphs of most of the major limb bones are represented, the most numerous elements being humeri, femora, tibiae, calcanei, and astragali. A small number of bones are attributable to plesiadapiform primates and to the probably euarchontan Adapisoriculidae, both likely to have been arboreal. The vast majority of elements, however, represent terrestrial micro-mammals, some showing semifossorial adaptations but most indicating cursorial or saltatorial locomotion. Most of these bones probably belong to the most common small mammals from Walbeck (based on teeth): Adapisorex, Walbeckodon, and Prolouisina, which have recently been interpreted as stem macroscelideans. The morphology of these bones supports that interpretation. The predominance of terrestrial mammals and the low species diversity of the Walbeck local fauna suggest that it sampled a relatively open and unstable environment.

Kurzfassung

Die Spaltenfüllungen von Walbeck, nordwestlich von Halle, stellen eine der größten bekannten Fossilablagerungen paläozäner Vertebraten dar und sind die einzigen aus dieser Epoche in Deutschland. Annähernd 6,000 Säugetierfunde wurden bisher identifiziert und beinahe die Hälfte dieser Funde repräsentiert Kleinsäuger mit einem Körpergewicht von unter 500 g, die Mehrheit vermutlich sogar leichter als 100 g. Erstmalig beschreiben wir hier über 350 postcraniale Elemente, die vor mehr als 70 Jahren gesammelt wurden. Darunter befinden sich verschiedene Morphen der Haupt- Extremitätenknochen, am häufigsten Humeri, Femora, Tibiae, Calcanei and Astragali. Eine kleine Anzahl der Skelettelementen können plesiadapiformen Primaten und den wahrscheinlich euarchonten Adapisoriculidae zugeordnet werden, welche vermutlich beide eine baumbewohnende Lebensweise bevorzugten. Die große Mehrheit der bearbeiteten Funde repräsentiert jedoch terrestrische Kleinsäuger, von denen einige eine grabende Anpassungen aufweisen, die meisten jedoch laufende oder hüpfende Fortbewegungsweisen zeigen. Die meisten dieser Knochen gehören vermutlich zu den, basierend auf Zahnfunden, häufigsten Kleinsäugern der Walbeck-Fauna: Adapisorex, Walbeckodon und Prolouisina, welche unlängst als Stamm-Macrosceliden interpretiert wurden. Die Morphologie der Knochenfunde stützt diese Interpretation. Die überwiegend terrestrischen Säugetiere und die geringe Arten-Diversität der Walbeck-Fauna legt nahe, dass es sich um eine lokale Fossilgesellschaft aus einer relativ offenen und unbeständigen Umwelt handelt.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Jorg Erfurt and Norbert Hauschke of the Martin-Luther-Universität, Halle-Wittenberg, for loaning us the small mammal postcrania from Walbeck. Sven Tränkner, (Senckenberg Museum) assisted with photography. Thomas Lehmann provided access to Messel skeletons at Senckenberg Museum used in comparison and assisted in other ways. For access to comparative recent and fossil specimens we thank Linda Gordon and R.W. Thorington, Jr. (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.), and Philip Gingerich (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan). We benefitted from valuable discussions with Jerry Hooker, Galen Rathbun, and Shawn Zack. Wighart von Koenigswald and Thomas Williamson reviewed the manuscript and provided constructive suggestions for its improvement, for which we are grateful. KDR acknowledges generous support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, which enabled this study.

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Rose, K.D., Storch, G. & Krohmann, K. Small-mammal postcrania from the middle Paleocene of Walbeck, Germany. Paläontol Z 89, 95–124 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-013-0211-3

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