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The stalked crinoid fauna (Echinodermata) of the Molucca and Celebes Seas, Indonesia: taxonomic diversity and observations from remotely operated vehicle imagery

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Abstract

The seafloor of the Molucca and Celebes Seas, Indonesia, was investigated using a remotely operated vehicle with high-definition video during 18 dives to depths of 280 to 3200 m. Irregular slopes and rocky substrata supported abundant megabenthos, including stalked crinoids. Video zoomed on many individuals provided enough details to assign 770 stalked crinoids to major taxa and many to species level. These taxa included Guillecrinus neocaledonicus, Ptilocrinus cf. amezianeae, three species of Hyocrinus, an unknown phrynocrinid, Naumachocrinus hawaiiensis, Proisocrinus ruberrimus, Endoxocrinus alternicirrus, seven phenotypes in the Subfamily Metacrininae and one taxon of unknown affiliation. A novel observation of a juvenile Endoxocrinus included the attachment disk to a rocky surface. Taxa usually considered rare were well represented on hard substrata, thus expanding knowledge of their depth distributions. Mostly, stalked crinoids were sparsely distributed in low densities (to 186 individuals per km), except for occasional single-species clusters. Metacrinins and P. cf. amezianeae dominated at depths of 250–600 m, while E. alternicirrus and G. neocaledonicus were the most abundant species at a depth range of 1000–1400 m. The largest peak of species richness (with nine of the 17 taxa identified) occurred at 1000 to 2000 m. Many specimens altered their feeding posture with current intensity, but a balloon-like crown posture is common in low or non-existent currents. The postures of several mobile metacrinin individuals suggest an active role of arms and cirri in slow crawling movements. The possible origin of some taxa from either Gondwanaland or Eurasian margins is discussed using biogeographical and paleontological data. The location of the Wallace line cannot be delimited only using extant stalked crinoid distribution.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to: Steven Hammond, David McKinnie, Jeremy Potter and Sugiarta Wirasantosa for facilitating the evolution of the INDEX plans; Jim Holden and Tim Shank for shoreside science oversight, and Santiago Herrerra, John Sherrin, Rainer Troa, and Xerandy as interfaces for telepresence research on board; Cherisse Du Preez and Rachel Brown for help with dive logging; Meme Lobecker and Kelley Elliott (NOAA) for the multibeam map; and Jessica Nephin for some crinoid observations and density estimates. Special thanks to Jonathan Rose, who mastered video capture, logged dives, captured images and helped with manuscript production. We thank Nadia Améziane (MNHN), Franzis Althaus, Karen Gowlett-Holmes, Felicity McEnnulty, and Alan Williams (CSIRO), who provided information and access to deep-sea photographs of stalked crinoids off SE Australia and Tasmania. Thanks are also due to Gert Woerheide (LMU) for pictures and a specimen of Porphyrocrinus collected during the Deep Downunder Expedition (funded by the German Science Foundation Projects Wo896/7 & LU839/2). The INDEX expedition was funded by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Ocean Exploration Program, and supported by several agencies of the US and Indonesian governments. VT was funded by the Canada Research Chairs Foundation. MR and ME were funded by various MNHN grants: “Actions Transversales”: “Biodiversité actuelle et fossile. Crises, stress, restaurations et panchronisme : le message systématique”, “Emergences”, “Formes possibles, Formes réalisées” and “Interactions Minéral-Vivant”

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  1. Department of Biology and School of Earth & Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada, V8W 2Y2

    Verena Tunnicliffe

  2. Muséum national d’Histoire Naturelle, Département Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, UMR 7208-BOREA MNHN-CNRS-UPMC-IRD, CP26, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231, Paris, Cedex 05, France

    Michel Roux & Marc Eléaume

  3. Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada, V8W 2Y2

    Dustin Schornagel

  4. Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada, A1B 3X9

    Dustin Schornagel

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  1. Verena Tunnicliffe
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Correspondence to Verena Tunnicliffe.

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Communicated by J. Gutt

Electronic supplementary material

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Online Resource 1 (file ESM_1.mpg)

Video of the phrynocrinid encountered on dive III-5 at 1565 m depth. (MPG 46166 kb)

Online Resource 2 (file ESM_2.mpg)

Video of setting and features of Proisocrinus ruberrimus on dive III-3 at 1778 m depth. (MPG 114052 kb)

Online Resource 3 (file ESM_3.mpg)

Video of encounter with ledge of metacrinins (phenotype 4, perhaps Metacrinus nodosus) and detail on one specimen on dive III-14 at 1175 m depth. (MPG 46046 kb)

Online Resource 4 (file ESM_4.xlsx)

Table of identifiable stalked crinoids by taxon on each dive of the INDEX Expedition to the Celebes Sea, Molucca Sea and Sangihe Arc, Indonesia. (XLSX 12 kb)

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Tunnicliffe, V., Roux, M., Eléaume, M. et al. The stalked crinoid fauna (Echinodermata) of the Molucca and Celebes Seas, Indonesia: taxonomic diversity and observations from remotely operated vehicle imagery. Mar Biodiv 46, 365–388 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-015-0369-x

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