Abstract
Next generation sequencing allows rapid development of genetic markers for investigating the ecology and evolution of non-model organisms. In the present study we employed 454 sequencing and high through-put screening to ultimately generate eight highly polymorphic microsatellites for Zoanthus sansibaricus, a common colonial anemone in the order Zoantharia that is widely distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific. Each locus was screened against cultured Symbiodinium as well as on individuals harboring distantly related symbiont species to discount contamination by DNA from their obligate dinoflagellate symbionts. The range of Z. sansibaricus extends across the tropical and subtropical Indian and Pacific oceans. Therefore, these population genetic markers will allow examination of dispersal and gene flow in this species across large tropical and subtropical oceanic ranges.
References
Baums I, Hughes C, Hellberg M (2005a) Mendelian microsatellite loci for the Caribbean coral Acropora palmata. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 288:115–127
Baums I, Miller M, Hellberg M (2005b) Regionally isolated populations of an imperiled Caribbean coral, Acropora palmata. Mol Ecol 14:1377–1390
Gelfand Y, Rodriguez A, Benson G (2006) TRDB—the tandem repeats database. Nucl Acids Res 35(Database issue):D80–D87
Hirose M, Obuchi M, Hirose E, Reimer JD (2011) Timing of spawning and early development of Palythoa tuberculosa (Anthozoa, Zoantharia, Sphenopidae) in Okinawa, Japan. Biol Bull 220:23–31
Irei Y, Nozawa Y, Reimer JD (2011) Distribution patterns of five zoanthid species in Okinawa Island, Japan. Zool Stud 50:426–433
Kamezaki M, Higa M, Hirose M, Suda S, Reimer JD (2013) Different zooxanthellae types in populations of the zoanthid Zoanthus sansibaricus along depth gradients in Okinawa, Japan. Mar Biodiv 43:61–70
LaJeunesse TC (2001) Investigating the biodiversity, ecology, and phylogeny of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium using the ITS region: in search of a “species” level marker. J Phycol 37:866–880
Pinzón JH, LaJeunesse TC (2011) Species delimitation of common reef corals in the genus Pocillopora using nucleotide sequence phylogenies, population genetics and symbiosis ecology. Mol Ecol 20:311–325
Polak O, Loya Y, Brickner I, Kramarski-Winter E, Benayahu Y (2011) The widely-distributed Indo-Pacific zoanthid Palythoa tuberculosa: a sexually conservative strategist. Bull Mar Sci 87:605–621
Raymond M, Rousset F (1995) GENEPOP (version 1.2): population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. J Hered 86:248–249
Reimer JD, Hickman C (2009) Preliminary survey of zooxanthellate zoanthids (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) of the Galápagos and associated symbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.). Galápagos Res 66:14–19
Reimer JD, Todd P (2009) Preliminary molecular examination of zooxanthellate zoanthid (Hexacorallia, Zoantharia) and associated zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium spp.) diversity in Singapore. Raffles Bull Zool 22:103–120
Reimer JD, Ono S, Takishita K, Fujiwara Y, Tsukahara J (2004) Reconsidering Zoanthus spp. diversity: molecular evidence of conspecifity within four previously presumed species. Zool Sci 21:517–525
Reimer JD, Takishita K, Ono S, Maruyama T, Tsukahara J (2006) Latitudinal and intracolony ITS-rDNA sequence variation in the symbiotic dinoflagellate genus Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae) in Zoanthus sansibaricus (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia). Phycol Res 54:122–132
Sinniger F (2006) Zoantharia of New Caledonia. In: Payri C, Richer de Forges B (eds) Compendium of marine species from New Caledonia. Documents scientifiques et techniques II 7:127–128
Acknowledgments
This research was funded in part by the East Asia and Pacific Summer Institute (OISE-1108258), Penn State University and the National Science Foundation (OCE-09287664). In Okinawa, field sampling was supported by the Rising Star Program at the University of the Ryukyus.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wham, D.C., Carmichael, M., Reimer, J.D. et al. Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for the Indo-Pacific-wide zoanthid, Zoanthus sansibaricus . Mar Biodiv 43, 247–250 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-013-0150-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-013-0150-y