Abstract
Polycopidae Sars, 1866 ostracods from the DIVA II expedition of the RV “Meteor” at the Cape, Angola, and Guinea basins are presented here. They were collected between 26 February and 30 March 2005, from depths between 5,047 and 5,150 m. Metapolycope divae sp. nov. belongs to the subfamily Polycopsisinae Chavtur, 1983, and stands apart from the other representatives of the genus by the morphology of the uropodal lamellae. The remaining eight new species described herein belong to the subfamily Polycopinae Sars, 1866. The genus Archypolycope Chavtur, 1981 is represented in the investigated area by four new species: A. atlantica sp. nov., A. brandtae sp. nov., A. louisi sp. nov., and A. martinezi sp. nov. With the addition of these four new species, this genus is redefined to include six Recent and three fossil species. Archypolycope atlantica is the only representative in the family with six bristles ventrally on the first segment of the mandibula. The other three new species stand apart by the specific shell ornamentation, chaetotaxy of the maxillula, and morphology of the uropodal lamellae. Archypolycope cornea Chavtur, 1981 and A. rotunda Chavtur, 1981, both described from the abyssal depths of the Kuril-Kamchatka trench, are here excluded from the genus. The decision is based on the absence of the peculiar morphology of the fifth limb endopod, which is shared by all other Archypolycope. These species are transferred to the genus Pseudopolycope Chavtur, 1981, because they have a fifth limb endopod consisting of a segment and one terminal bristle, but are placed in separate new subgenus Divacope subgen. nov. The new subgenus differs from the nominotypical subgenus by a much shorter fusion of the two bristles on the Bellonci Organ, and by the presence of hooks on the male antenna. Besides Pseudopolycope (D.) cornea (Chavtur, 1981) comb. nov. and P. (D.) rotunda (Chavtur, 1981) comb. nov, the subgenus has been defined to include one more member: P. (D.) chavturi sp. nov., which is also described from the deep South Atlantic and designated the type species of the new subgenus. It is most closely related to P. (D.) cornea, but differs from it by the chaetotaxy of the antennula and morphology of the exopod mandibula. Two new species, P. (P.) quasivitjazi sp. nov. and P. (P.) spio sp. nov., from the deep South Atlantic are added to the nominotypical subgenus, which now has 15 Recent species. One of the new species described here could not be accommodated into any of the known Polycopinae genera, so the new genus Hyphalocope gen. nov. was erected for it, and defined by the following autapomorphies: completely flat dorsal margin of the shell, presence of the bifurcated bristles on the shell, elongated antennula, and very long Bellonci Organ. Presently, Hyphalocope dorsoithys gen. et sp. nov. is known only from females. We provide a key to genera of the family Polycopidae, and keys to species of the genera Metapolycope, Archypolycope, and Pseudopolycope. In order to learn about the phylogenetic relationships and to point out some current problems of polyphyletic and paraphyletic genera in the subfamily Polycopinae, we perform a cladistic analysis based on 29 morphological characters scored for 91 Recent species. Two species from the genus Metapolycope are chosen as outgroups. Extensive discussion on the distribution and suitability of morphological characters in this family is also provided. All Recent species of Polycopidae are listed at the end, with information about their geographic and bathymetric distributions, habitat, presence of sexes, and body length.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ayress MA, Neil H, Passlow V, Swanson KM (1997) Benthonic ostracods and deep watermasses: a qualitative comparison of Southwest Pacific, Southern and Atlantic Oceans. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 131:287–302
Ayress MA, De Deckker P, Coles GP (2004) A taxonomic and distributional survey of marine benthonic Ostracoda off Kerguelen and Heard Islands, South Indian Ocean. J Micropalaeontol 23:15–38
Benson RH, Sylvester-Bradley PC (1971) Deep-sea ostracodes and the transformation of ocean to sea in the Tethys. In: Oertli HJ (ed) Paleoecologie des Ostracodes Pau. Bull Cent Rech Pau-SNPA, pp 63–91
Benson RH, Berdan JM, Bold van den WA, Hanai T, Hessland I, Howe HV, Kesling RV, Levisnson SA, Reyment RA, Moore RC, Scott HW, Shaver RH, Sohn IG, Stover LE, Swain FM, Sylvester-Bradley PC, Wainwright J (1961) Part Q, Arthropoda 3. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of America and University Kansas Press, Lawrence
Benson RH, Chapman RE, Deck LT (1984) Paleooceanographic events and deep sea ostracodes. Science 224:1334–1336
Benson RH, Chapman RE, Deck LT (1985) Evidence from the Ostracoda of major events in the South Atlantic and worldwide over the past 80 million years. In: Hsu KJ, Weissert HJ (eds) South Atlantic Paleoceanography. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 325–350
Bonaduce G (1964) Contributo alla conoscenza e correlazione sistematica nell’ ambito della Famiglia Polycopidae (Ostracoda, Cladocopa) con particolare riferimento alle relazioni tra parte molle e carapace. Pubbl Stn Zool Napoli 34:137–159
Bonaduce G, Masoli M, Minichelli G, Pugliese N (1980) Some new benthic marine ostracod species from the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). Bull Soc Paleontol Italiana 19:143–178
Brady GS, Robertson D (1869) Notes of week’s dredging in the west Ireland. Ann Mag Nat Hist 3:353–374
Brandão SN (2008a) First Record of a living Platycopida (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Antarctic waters and a discussion on Cytherella serratula (Brady, 1880). In: Martínez Arbizu P, Brix S (eds) Bringing Light into Deep-sea Biodiversity. Zootaxa 1866: 1–574
Brandão SN (2008b) New species of Bairdioidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the Southern Ocean and discussions on Bairdoppilata simplex (Brady, 1880), ?Bairdoppilata labiata (Müller, 1908) and Bythopussella aculeata (Müller, 1908). In: Martínez Arbizu P, Brix S (eds) Bringing Light into Deep-sea Biodiversity. Zootaxa 1866: 1–574.
Brandão SN (2010) Macrocyprididae (Ostracoda) from the Southern Ocean: taxonomic revision, macroecological patterns, and biogeographical implications. Zool J Linn Soc 159:567–672
Brandão SN, Päplow OP (2011) New species and occurrences of Bradleya Benson, 1972, Harleya Jellinek and Swanson, 2003 and Poseidonamicus Benson, 1972 (Ostracoda: Cytheroidea) from the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean. J Micropalaeontol 30:1–27
Brandão SN, Sauer J, Schön I (2010) Circumantarctic distribution in Southern Ocean benthos? a genetic test using the genus Macroscapha (Crustacea, Ostracoda) as a model. Mol Phylogen Evol 55:1055–1069
Brandt A (2001) Acanthaspidia namibia n. sp. (Isopoda: Acanthaspidiidae) from Deep Angola Basin. Beaufortia 51:91–101
Brandt A (2004) New depp-sea species of Macrostylidae (Asellota: Isopoda: Malacostraca) from the Angola Basin off Namibia, South West Africa. Zootaxa 448:1–35
Brenke N (2005) An epibenthic sledge for operations on marine soft bottom and bedrock. Mar Technol Soc J 39:10–21
Brenke N, Brix S, Knuschke T (2005) A new deep-sea Isopoda species from the Angola Basin: Prochelator angolensis sp. nov. (Asellota: Desmosomatidae). Org Divers Evol 5:179–188
Bröhldick KST (2005) Results of the DIVA-1 expedition of RV “Meteor” (cruise M48/1). A new taxon of Idyanthidae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from the deep sea of the Angola Basin. Org Divers Evol 5:43–57
Chavtur, V. G. (1977) Ostrakodii seimeistva Polycopidae (Cladocopa) Kuriliskih Ostrovov. Nauka: 144-171.
Chavtur VG (1979) New data on ostracodes of the Polycopidae Family (Ostracoda, Cladocopa) from the Far-Eastern Sea. Trans Inst Mar Biol Far Eastern Sci Cent Acad Sci. USSR Vladivostok 15:91–105
Chavtur VG (1981a) New species of deep-sea Ostracoda (Polycopidae) from Kuril-Kamchatka Trench. Trans Instit Okeanol 115:62–75
Chavtur VG (1981b) On the systematic position of the modern Ostracoda in the family Polycopidae (Ostracoda, Cladocopinae). Trans Inst Okeanol 115:53–61
Chavtur VG (1983) Ostracods (Myodocopina, Cladocopina) of temperate and cold waters of the Northern Hemisphere. Trans Inst Mar Biol Far Eastern Sci Cent Acad Sci. USSR Vladivostok
Chavtur VG (1984) Ostrakody semeistva Polycopidae (Cladocopina) dalnevostochyh morei I pelafajushchih raionov Tihogo Okeana. Zool Zh 63:501–506
Chavtur VG, Keyser D, Bashmanov AG (2010) First record and description of male of Metavargula adinothrix Kornicker, 1975 (Ostracoda: Myodocopina) from the Southern Ocean. Zootaxa 2434:33–46
Chavtur VG, Brandão SN, Bashmanov AG (2012) New subgenus and four new species of Doloria (Myodocopina) marine benthic ostracods from the Southern Ocean. Zootaxa (in press)
Cohen AC, Martin JW, Kornicker LS (1998) Homology of Holocene ostracode biramous appendages with these of other crustaceans: the protopod, epipod, exopod and endopod. Lethaia 31:251–265
Coles G, Ayress MA, Whatley RC (1989) A comparision of North Atlantic and Pacific Cainozoic deep-sea Ostracoda. In: Whatley RC, Maybury C (eds.) Ostracoda and global events. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 287–301
Cristobo FJ, Urgorri V, Ríos P (2005) Results of the DIVA-1 esxpedition of RV “Meteor” (Cruise M48/1). Three new species of carnivorous deep-sea sponges from the DIVA-1 expedition in the Angola Basin (South Atlantic). Org Divers Evol 5:203–213
Cronin TM, Holtz TRJ, Brouwers EM, Briggs WMJ, Whatley RC, Wood A (1995) Arctic ostracode database: An introduction. http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/data/PRISM/ostracodes/arctic/Core/meta/report.html.
Dingle RV, Lord AR (1990) Benthic ostracods and deep water-masses in the Atlantic Ocean. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 80:213–235
Gabbot SE, Siveter DJ, Aldrige RJ, Theron JN (2003) The earliest myodocopes: ostracodes from the late Ordovician Soom Shale Lagerstätte of South Africa. Lethaia 36:151–160
Gheerardyn H, Veit-Köhler G (2009) Diversity and large-scale biogeography of Paramesochridae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) in South Atlantic Abyssal Plains and the the seep Souther Ocean. Deep-Sea Res 56:1804–1815
Goloboff P (1999) NONA (NO NAME) version 2. (Published by the author: Tucumán, Argentina).
Hao Y-C (1988) Systematic description of microfossils, 2. Ostracoda. In: Ruan PH, Hao Y-C (eds) Quaternary microbiota in the Okinawa trough and their geological significance. Geology Publishing House, Beijing, pp 227–395
Hartmann G (1954a) Neue Polycopidae (Ostracoda, Cladocopa) von europäischen Küsten. Kieler Meeresforsch 10:84–99
Hartmann G (1954b) Zwei neue Polycope-Arten (Ostrcoda, Cladocopa) aus Brasilien. Zool Anz 153:175–182
Hartmann G (1958) Ostracoden von der französischen Mittelmeerküste. Kieler Meeresforsch 14:226–232
Hartmann G (1959) Zur Kenntnis der lotischen Lebensbereiche der pazifischen Küste von El Salvador inter besonderer Berücksichtigung seiner Ostracodenfauna (III. Beitrag zur Fauna El Salvador). Kieler Meeresforsch 15:187–241
Hartmann G (1974) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der afrikanischen Westküste zwischen Angola und Kap der Guten Hoffnung und der afrikanischen Ostküste von Südafrika und Mocambique unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten un Ostracoden. Teil III, Die Ostracoden des Untersuchungsgebiets. Mitt Hamburg Mus Inst 69:229–52
Hartmann G (1983) Antarktische benthische Ostracoden 11 Auswertung der Fahrten der "Polarstern" Ant. 111/2 und der Reisen der "Walther Herwig" 68/1 und 2. 2 Teil: Elephant Island und Bransfield Straße. Mitt Hamburg Mus Inst 84:115–156
Hartmann G (1987) Antarktische benthische Ostracoden 2. Auswertung der Fahrten der 'Polarstern' Ant. 3/2 und der Reisen der 'Walther Herwig' 68/1 und 2.2. Teil: Elephant Island und Bransfield Strasse. Mitt Hamburg Mus Inst 84:115–156
Horne DJ (2005) Homology and homeomorphy in ostracod limbs. Hydrobiologia 538:55–80
Horne DJ, Cohen A, Martens K (2002) Taxonomy, morphology and biology od Quaternary and living Ostracoda. In: Holmes JA, Chivas AR (eds.) The ostracoda. Applications in Quaternary Research. Geoph Monogr 131:5–36
Howe HV, Kesling RV, Scott HW (1961) Morphology of living Ostracoda. In: Moore RC (ed) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part Q, Arthropoda 3, Crustacea. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, pp Q3–Q19
ICZN. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. International code of zoological nomenclature. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code/.
Jellinek T, Swanson KM (2003) Report on the taxonomy, biogeography and phylogeny of mostly living benthic Ostracoda (Crustacea) from deep-sea samples (Intermediate water depths) from the Challenger Plateau (Tasman Sea) and Campbell Plateau (Southern Ocean), New Zealand. Abh Senckenberg Naturforsch Ges 558:1–329
Jellinek T, Swanson KM, Mazzini I (2006) Is the cosmopolitan model still valid for deep-sea podocopid ostracods? With the discussion of two new species of the genus Pseudobosquetina Guernet and Moullade 1994 and Cytheropteron testudo (Ostracoda) as case studies. Senckenberg Marit 36:29–50
Kaiser SG HJ, Barnes DKA, Brandão SN, Brandt A (2011) Is there a distinct continental slope fauna in the Antarctic? Deep-sea Res II 58:91–104
Karanovic I, Brandão SN (2011) On the genus Thaumatoconcha Kornicker and Sohn (Halocyprida) with description of two new species from Southern Ocean deep sea. Helg Mar Res. doi:10.1007/s10152-011-0269-9
Klie W (1936) Zur Kenntnis der Ostracodenfamilie Polycopidae. Zool Jahrb 68:517–532
Kornicker LS (1975) Antarctic Ostracoda (Myodocopina), part 1 and 2. Smithson Contrib Zool 163:1–720
Kornicker LS (1992) Thaumatoconcha pix, a new bathyal and abyssal species from off SE Australia (Ostracoda: Halocyprida: Thauma Tocyprididae). Proc Biol Soc Wash 105:233–239
Kornicker LS (2000) Will the real fifth limb please stand up (Ostracoda: Cypridinidae)? J Crust Biol 20:195–198
Kornicker LS (2002) Comparative morphology of the fifth limb (Second Maxilla) of Myodocopid Ostracoda. J Crust Biol 22:798–818
Kornicker LS (2003) Morphology and musculature of the fifth and sixth limbs of Halocyprida (Ostracoda: Myodocopa). J Crust Biol 23:765–776
Kornicker LS, Harrison-Nelson E (2005) Two new species of Ostracoda from hydrothermal vents of Riftia pachyptila aggregations on the East Pacific Rise (Halocypridina; Cladocopina). Zootaxa 1071:19–38
Kornicker LS, Iliffe TM (1989) Ostracoda (Myodocopina, Cladocopina, Halocypridina) mainly from anchialine caves in Bermuda. Smithson Contrib Zool 475:1–88
Kornicker LS, Iliffe TM (1992) Ostracoda (Halocypridina, Cladocopina) from Anchialine Caves in Jamaica, West Indies. Smithson Contrib Zool 530:1–22
Kornicker LS, Morkhoven von FPCM (1976) Metapolycope, a new genus of Bathyal Ostracoda from the Atlantic (Suborder Cladocopina). Smithson Contrib Zool 225:1–29
Kornicker LS, Sohn IG (1976) Phylogeny, ontogeny, and morphology of living and fossil Thaumatocypridacea (Myodocopa: Ostracoda). Smithson Contrib Zool 219:1–124
Kornicker LS, Iliffe TM, Harrison-Nelson E (2007) Ostracoda (Myodocopa) from Anchialine Caves and Ocean Blue Holes. Zootaxa 1565:3–151
Majoran S, Dingle RV (2001) Palaeoceanographical changes recorded by Cenozoic deep-sea ostracod assemblages from the South Atlantic and the Southern Ocean (ODP Sites 1087 and 1088). Lethaia 34:63–83
Majoran S, Dingle RV (2002) Cenozoic deep-sea ostracods from Maud Rise, Weddell Sea, Antarctica (ODP Site 689): A palaeoceanographical perspective. Geobios 35:137–152
Markhaseva EL, Renz J (2011) Two new Byrathis species (Copepoda: Calanoida) from the deep South Atlantic and Southern Ocean and first description of an adult male. Zootaxa 2889:49–68
Mazzini I (2005) Taxonomy, biogeography and ecology of Quaternary benthic Ostracoda (Crustacea) from circumpolar deep water of the Emerald Basin (Southern Ocean) and the S Tasman Rise (Tasman Sea). Senckenb Mar 35:1–119
Meisch C (2007) On the origin of the putative furca of the Ostracoda (Crustacea). Hydrobiologia 585:181–200
Moore RC (1961) Summary of classification and stratigraphic distribution. In: Moore RC (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part Q, Arthropoda 3, Crustacea, Ostracoda. Geological Society of America and University Kansas Press, Lawrence, pp Q92-Q441.
Müller GW (1894) Die Ostracoden des Golfes von Neapel und der Angrenzenden Meeres-Absohnitte. Herausgegeben von der zoologischen Station zu Neapel. von R. Friedlander and Sohn, Berlin
Nixon KC (2002) WinClada version 1.00.08. (Published by the author: Ithaca, New York).
Piatkowski U, Diekmann R (2005) Results of the DIVA-1 expeditions of RV “Meteor” (Cruise M48:1). A short note on the cephalopods sampled in the Angola Basin during the DIVA-1 expedition. Org Divers Evol 5:227–230
Sars GO (1923) An account of the Crustacea of Norway with short descriptions and figures of all the species. 9. Ostracoda. Parts I, II and III: 1-43.
Schmid C, Brenke N, Wägele JW (2002) On abyssal isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellota) from the Angola Basin: Eurycope tumidicarpus n. sp. and redescription of Acanthocope galathea Wolff, 1962. Org Divers Evol 2:87–88
Schornikov EI (1980) A review of the genus Zabythocypris (Ostracoda, Bairdiacea). Zool Zh 59:186–198
Schornikov EI (2005) The question of cosmopolitanism in the deep-sea ostracod fauna: the example of the genus Pedicythere. Hydrobiologia 538:193–215
Schornikov EI, Gramm MN (1974) Saipanetta McKenzie, 1967 (Ostracoda) from the Northern Pacific and some problems of classification. Crustaceana 27:92–102
Stock JH, Von Vaupel Klein JC (1996) Mounting media revisited: the suitability of Reyne’s fluid for small crustaceans. Crustaceana 69:794–798
Swanson KM, Ayress MA (1999) Cytheropteron testudo and related species from the SW Pacific with analyses of their soft anatomies, relationships and distribution (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Cytheruridae). Senckenberg Biol 79:151–193
Tanaka H, Tsukagoshi A, S-i H (2010) A new combination in the genus Parapolycope (Crustacea: Ostracoda: Myodocopa: Cladocopina), with the description of new species from Japan. Species Div 15:93–108
Walker-Smith GK, Poore GCB (2001) A phylogeny of the Leptostraca (Crustacea) with keys to families and genera. Mem Mus Victoria 58:383–410
Whatley RC, Moguilevsky A, Ramos MIF, Coxill DJ (1998) Recent deep and shallow water Ostracoda from the Antarctic Peninsula and the Scotia Sea. Rev Esp Micropaleontol 30:111–135
Yasuhara M, Cronin TM, Martínez-Arbizu P (2008) Abyssal ostracods from the South and Equatorial Atlantic Ocean: Biological and paleoceanographic implications. Deep-Sea Res I 55:490–497
Yasuhara M, Cronin TM, Hunt G, Hodell DA (2009a) Deep-sea ostracods from the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during the last 370,000 years. J Paleontol 83:914–930
Yasuhara M, Okahashi H, Cronin TM (2009b) Taxonomy of Quaternary deep-sea ostracodes from the western North Atlantic Ocean. Palaeontology 52:879–931
Acknowledgments
This project is partly accomplished from the CeDAMar funding for the taxonomic description. The junior author is currently the Alexander von Humboldt postdoctoral fellow, and the paper was partly written while the senior author was also a fellow of this organization. We would like to thank Ms Renate Walter (ZMH) for her help with the SEM.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Appendix
Appendix
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Karanovic, I., Brandão, S.N. Review and phylogeny of the Recent Polycopidae (Ostracoda, Cladocopina), with descriptions of nine new species, one new genus, and one new subgenus from the deep South Atlantic. Mar Biodiv 42, 329–393 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-012-0116-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-012-0116-5