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Sedimentological and stratigraphic evolution of northern Lebanon since the Late Cretaceous: implications for the Levant margin and basin

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Abstract

This paper presents an updated review of the Upper Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentological and stratigraphic evolution of the Levant margin with a focus on the northern Lebanon. Facies and microfacies analysis of outcrop sections and onshore well cores (i.e., Kousba and Chekka) supported by nannofossil and planktonic foraminifers biostratigraphy, allowed to constrain the depositional environments prevailing in the Turonian to Late Miocene. The “Senonian” (a historical term used to define the Coniacian to Maastrichtian) source rock interval was subdivided into four sub-units with related outer-shelfal facies: (1) Upper Santonian, (2) Lower, (3) Upper Campanian, and (4) Lower Maastrichtian. This Upper Cretaceous rock unit marks the major drowning of the former Turonian rudist platform. This paper confirms the Late Lutetian to Late Burdigalian hiatus, which appears to be a direct consequence of major geodynamic events affecting the Levant region (i.e., the continued collision of Afro-Arabia with Eurasia), potentially enhanced by regressional cycles (e.g., Rupelian lowstand). The distribution of Late Burdigalian–Serravallian rhodalgal banks identified in northern Lebanon was controlled by pre-existing structures inherited from the pulsating onshore deformation. Reef barriers facies occur around the Qalhat anticline, separating an eastern, restricted back-reef setting from a western, coastal to open marine one. The acme of Mount Lebanon’s uplift and exposure is dated back to the Middle–Late Miocene; it led to important erosion of carbonates that were subsequently deposited in paleo-topographic lows. The Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic facies variations and hiatuses show that the northern Lebanon was in a higher structural position compared to the south since at least the Late Cretaceous.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express all their acknowledgements and gratitude to Maersk Oil for financing part of this study. This study would not have been possible without the support of the Lebanese Ministry of Energy & Water. The Cimenterie Nationale S.A.L management and staff are also acknowledged for their contribution to this work, particularly Dr Sayed Horkoss and Mr Abdallah Koussa. Dr. Robert Mathieu is acknowledged for his help in benthic foraminifers’ identification. Prof. J-Y Reynaud and an anonymous reviewer are thanked for their critical comments that led to the significant improvement of the manuscript. The authors wish to convey their appreciations to H. Ravelojaona (IFPEN) and A. Lethiers (UPMC) who contributed respectively to the achievement of thin-sections and logs drawing. N. Hawie was supported by a scholarship from the French CNRS.

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  1. UMR 7193 Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie/ Univ. Paris 06, case 117. Tour 56-66 5ème, 4, place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France

    Nicolas Hawie, Christian Gorini & François Baudin

  2. iSTEP, UMR 7193, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France

    Nicolas Hawie & Christian Gorini

  3. IFP Energies nouvelles, 1-4 avenue du Bois Préau, 92852, Rueil-Malmaison Cedex, France

    Nicolas Hawie, Remy Deschamps, Fadi H. Nader & Didier Granjeon

  4. 6 bis Rue Haute, 92500, Rueil-Malmaison, France

    Carla Müller

  5. UMR 7207, Centre de Recherche sur la Paleobiodiversité et les Paleoenvironnements, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Tour 46-56 5ème. 4, place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France

    Delphine Desmares

  6. Cimenterie Nationale S.A.L, Chekka, Lebanon

    Ahmed Hoteit

  7. Beicip Franlab, 232 Av. Napoléon Bonaparte, 95502, Rueil-Malmaison, France

    Lucien Montadert

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Hawie, N., Deschamps, R., Nader, F.H. et al. Sedimentological and stratigraphic evolution of northern Lebanon since the Late Cretaceous: implications for the Levant margin and basin. Arab J Geosci 7, 1323–1349 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-013-0914-5

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