Abstract
Sand serves as a reservoir for potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Children, a high-risk group, can acquire infections from sand in sandboxes, recreational areas, and beaches. This paper reviews the microbes in sands, with an emphasis on fungi. Recreational areas and beach sands have been found to harbor many types of fungi and microbes. A newly emerging group of fungi of concern include the black yeast-like fungi. After establishing that sand is a reservoir for fungi, clinical manifestations of fungal infections are described with an emphasis on ocular and ear infections. Overall, we recommend environmental studies to develop monitoring strategies for sand and studies to evaluate the link between fungi exposure in sand and human health impacts.
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Conflict of Interest
Daniela Romão, Cristina Veríssimo, Carla Viegas, Helena Barroso, Aida Duarte, Helena Solo-Gabriele, Nina Gunde-Cimerman, Tal Marom, and João Brandão declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Raquel Sabino was financially supported by a fellowship from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) Portugal (contract SFRH/BPD/72775/2010).
Monika Novak Babič was financially supported by a fellowship from Ministry of Education, Science and Sport and the University of Ljubljana [Innovative scheme for co-financing of doctoral studies, Contract No. 1244].
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Romão, D., Sabino, R., Veríssimo, C. et al. Children and Sand Play: Screening of Potential Harmful Microorganisms in Sandboxes, Parks, and Beaches. Curr Fungal Infect Rep 9, 155–163 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12281-015-0230-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12281-015-0230-5