Abstract
The market and the future trends of smart packaging show a tendency towards a continuous increase. Several reports have revealed about the increase of consumer concern for food quality and safety, which gives rise to the demand of intelligent packaging. Nano-enabled food packaging has attracted considerable interest and driven a variety of potential applications in the intelligent packaging. The presence of nanomaterials as nanodevices or nanosensors has been recognized as a part of the modern intelligent packaging for monitoring the condition of packaged food or the environment surrounding the product. Among of nanosensors, optical indicator has been widely applied in the market due to the convenient and easy to use. The utilization of nanomaterial such as metal nanoparticles or photonic nanocrystals shows superior performance in novel communicative functions than the traditional colorimetric indicator because of their unique optical properties and high surface reactivity. This review focuses exclusively on ongoing scientific research and recent technological breakthroughs related to nanotechnology-derived colorimetric indicators. The challenges of their application are highlighted and discussed to provide adequate information for future development.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Silayoi, P.; Speece, M. The importance of packaging attributes: A conjoint analysis approach. Eur. J. Mark. 2007, 41, 1495–1517.
Prendergast, G.; Pitt, L. Packaging, marketing, logistics and the environment: Are there trade-offs? Int. J. Phys. Distrib. Logist. Manage. 1996, 26, 60–72.
Yam, K. L.; Takhistov, P. T.; Miltz, J. Intelligent packaging: Concepts and applications. J. Food Sci. 2005, 70, R1–R10.
Dainelli, D.; Gontard, N.; Spyropoulos, D.; Zondervan-van den Beuken, E.; Tobback, P. Active and intelligent food packaging: Legal aspects and safety concerns. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2008, 19, S103–S112.
Brockgreitens, J.; Abbas, A. Responsive food packaging: Recent progress and technological prospects. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2016, 15, 3–15.
Biji, K. B.; Ravishankar, C. N.; Mohan, C. O.; Srinivasa Gopal, T. K. Smart packaging systems for food applications: A review. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 52, 6125–6135.
Vanderroost, M.; Ragaert, P.; Devlieghere, F.; De Meulenaer, B. Intelligent food packaging: The next generation. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2014, 39, 47–62.
Ghaani, M.; Cozzolino, C. A.; Castelli, G.; Farris, S. An overview of the intelligent packaging technologies in the food sector. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2016, 51, 1–11.
Kerry, J.; Butler, P. Smart Packaging Technologies for Fast Moving Consumer Goods; John Wiley & Sons: West Sussex, UK, 2008.
Mihindukulasuriya, S. D. F.; Lim, L. T. Nanotechnology development in food packaging: A review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2014, 40, 149–167.
Bumbudsanpharoke, N.; Choi, J.; Ko, S. Applications of nanomaterials in food packaging. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2015, 15, 6357–6372.
Jain, P. K.; Huang, X. H.; El-Sayed, I. H.; El-Sayed, M. A. Review of some interesting surface plasmon resonance-enhanced properties of noble metal nanoparticles and their applications to biosystems. Plasmonics 2007, 2, 107–118.
Banerjee, T.; Shelby, T.; Santra, S. How can nanosensors detect bacterial contamination before it ever reaches the dinner table? Future Microbiol. 2017, 12, 97–100.
Gram, L.; Ravn, L.; Rasch, M.; Bruhn, J. B.; Christensen, A. B.; Givskov, M. Food spoilage—Interactions between food spoilage bacteria. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2002, 78, 79–97.
Gram, L.; Dalgaard, P. Fish spoilage bacteria—Problems and solutions. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2002, 13, 262–266.
Fellows, P. J. Food Processing Technology: Principles and Practice; Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK, 2009.
Zhang, Y. P.; Chodavarapu, V. P.; Kirk, A. G.; Andrews, M. P. Structured color humidity indicator from reversible pitch tuning in self-assembled nanocrystalline cellulose films. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 2013, 176, 692–697.
Fuertes, G.; Soto, I.; Vargas, M.; Valencia, A.; Sabattin, J.; Carrasco, R. Nanosensors for a monitoring system in intelligent and active packaging. J. Sens. 2016, 2016, 7980476.
Puligundla, P.; Jung, J.; Ko, S. Carbon dioxide sensors for intelligent food packaging applications. Food Control 2012, 25, 328–333.
Jang, N. Y.; Won, K. New pressure-activated compartmented oxygen indicator for intelligent food packaging. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2014, 49, 650–654.
Mills, A. Oxygen indicators and intelligent inks for packaging food. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2005, 34, 1003–1011.
Bridgeman, D.; Corral, J.; Quach, A.; Xian, X. J.; Forzani, E. Colorimetric humidity sensor based on liquid composite materials for the monitoring of food and pharmaceuticals. Langmuir 2014, 30, 10785–10791.
Ye, M. M.; Qian, C. X.; Sun, W.; He, L.; Jia, J.; Dong, Y. C.; Zhou, W. J. Correction: Dye colour switching by hydride-terminated silicon particles and its application as an oxygen indicator. J. Mater. Chem. C 2016, 4, 4600.
Vu, C. H. T.; Won, K. Leaching-resistant carrageenan-based colorimetric oxygen indicator films for intelligent food packaging. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2014, 62, 7263–7267.
Realini, C. E.; Marcos, B. Active and intelligent packaging systems for a modern society. Meat Sci. 2014, 98, 404–419.
Mills, A.; Grosshans, P.; Hazafy, D. A novel reversible relative-humidity indicator ink based on methylene blue and urea. Analyst 2010, 135, 33–35.
Saha, A.; Tanaka, Y.; Han, Y.; Bastiaansen, C. M. W.; Broer, D. J.; Sijbesma, R. P. Irreversible visual sensing of humidity using a cholesteric liquid crystal. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 4579–4581.
Ishizaki, R.; Katoh, R. Fast-response humidity-sensing films based on methylene blue aggregates formed on nanoporous semiconductor films. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2016, 652, 36–39.
Naydenova, I.; Jallapuram, R.; Toal, V.; Martin, S. Characterisation of the humidity and temperature responses of a reflection hologram recorded in acrylamide-based photopolymer. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 2009, 139, 35–38.
Uryu, Y.; Uno, T.; Itoh, T.; Kubo, M. A ternary composite based on polystyrene sulphonic acid, organic dye and hygroscopic inorganic salt for cobalt-free humidity indicating agent. Mater. Res. Innovations 2017, 21, 331–335.
Dick, S. O.; Robertson, A. J.; Martin, M. B. Irreversible humidity indicator cards. U.S. Patent 6,877,457B1, April 12, 2005.
Blinn, W. C. Button type package humidity indicator. U.S. Patent 2,716,338, August 30, 1955.
Knyrim, J.; Dick, S. Halogen and heavy metal-free humidity indicating composition and humidity indicator card containing the same. U.S. Patent 8,518,344B2, August 27, 2013.
Nakatsubo, K.; Fujisaki, M. Humidity indicator card. U.S. Patent D588,029, March 10, 2009.
Smolander, M. Freshness indicators for food packaging. In Smart Packaging Technologies for Fast Moving Consumer Goods; Kerry J.; Butler P., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons: West Sussex, UK, 2008; p 111.
Antonelli, M. L.; Curini, R.; Scricciolo, D.; Vinci, G. Determination of free fatty acids and lipase activity in milk: Quality and storage markers. Talanta 2002, 58, 561–568.
Pacquit, A.; Frisby, J.; Diamond, D.; Lau, K. T.; Farrell, A.; Quilty, B.; Diamond, D. Development of a smart packaging for the monitoring of fish spoilage. Food Chem. 2007, 102, 466–470.
Kuswandi, B.; Oktaviana, J. R.; Abdullah, A.; Heng, L. Y. A novel on-package sticker sensor based on methyl red for real-time monitoring of broiler chicken cut freshness. Packag. Technol. Sci. 2014, 27, 69–81.
Nopwinyuwong, A.; Trevanich, S.; Suppakul, P. Development of a novel colorimetric indicator label for monitoring freshness of intermediatemoisture dessert spoilage. Talanta 2010, 81, 1126–1132.
Lee, S. J.; Lee, S. Y.; Kim, G. D.; Kim, G. B.; Jin, S. K.; Hur, S. J. Effects of self-carbon dioxide-generation material for active packaging on pH, water-holding capacity, meat color, lipid oxidation and microbial growth in beef during cold storage. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2017, 97, 3642–3648.
Meng, X. P.; Lee, K.; Kang, T. Y.; Ko, S. An irreversible ripeness indicator to monitor the CO2 concentration in the headspace of packaged kimchi during storage. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2015, 24, 91–97.
Morsy, M. K.; Zór, K.; Kostesha, N.; Alstrom, T. S.; Heiskanen, A.; El-Tanahi, H.; Sharoba, A.; Papkovsky, D.; Larsen, J.; Khalaf, H. et al. Development and validation of a colorimetric sensor array for fish spoilage monitoring. Food Control 2016, 60, 346–352.
Fuertes, G.; Soto, I.; Carrasco, R.; Vargas, M.; Sabattin, J.; Lagos, C. Intelligent packaging systems: Sensors and nanosensors to monitor food quality and safety. J. Sens. 2016, 2016, 40460611.
Taoukis, P. S. Application of time-temperature integrators for monitoring and management of perishable product quality in the cold chain. In Smart Packaging Technologies for Fast Moving Consumer Goods; Kerry J.; Butler P., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons; West Sussex, UK, 2008; p 61.
Kreyenschmidt, J.; Christiansen, H.; Hübner, A.; Raab, V.; Petersen, B. A novel photochromic time-temperature indicator to support cold chain management. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2010, 45, 208–215.
Brizio, A. P. D. R.; Prentice, C. Use of smart photochromic indicator for dynamic monitoring of the shelf life of chilled chicken based products. Meat Sci. 2014, 96, 1219–1226.
Wang, S. D.; Liu, X. H.; Yang, M.; Zhang, Y.; Xiang, K. Y.; Tang, R. Review of time temperature indicators as quality monitors in food packaging. Packag. Technol. Sci. 2015, 28, 839–867.
Eustis, S.; El-Sayed, M. A. Why gold nanoparticles are more precious than pretty gold: Noble metal surface plasmon resonance and its enhancement of the radiative and nonradiative properties of nanocrystals of different shapes. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2006, 35, 209–217.
Haes, A. J.; Hall, W. P.; Chang, L.; Klein, W. L.; Van Duyne, R. P. A localized surface plasmon resonance biosensor: First steps toward an assay for Alzheimer’s disease. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 1029–1034.
Kvítek, O.; Siegel, J.; Hnatowicz, V.; Švorčík, V. Noble metal nanostructures influence of structure and environment on their optical properties. J. Nanomater. 2013, 2013, 111.
Jensen, T. R.; Malinsky, M. D.; Haynes, C. L.; Van Duyne, R. P. Nanosphere lithography: Tunable localized surface plasmon resonance spectra of silver nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 10549–10556.
Hou, W. B.; Cronin, S. B. A review of surface plasmon resonance-enhanced photocatalysis. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 1612–1619.
Verma, M. S.; Rogowski, J. L.; Jones, L.; Gu, F. X. Colorimetric biosensing of pathogens using gold nanoparticles. Biotechnol. Adv. 2015, 33, 666–680.
Zhao, W. A.; Ali, M. M.; Aguirre, S. D.; Brook, M. A.; Li, Y. F. Paper-based bioassays using gold nanoparticle colorimetric probes. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 8431–8437.
Nath, N.; Chilkoti, A. A colorimetric gold nanoparticle sensor to interrogate biomolecular interactions in real time on a surface. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 504–509.
Sung, Y. J.; Suk, H. J.; Sung, H. Y.; Li, T. H.; Poo, H.; Kim, M. G. Novel antibody/gold nanoparticle/magnetic nanoparticle nanocomposites for immunomagnetic separation and rapid colorimetric detection of Staphylococcus aureus in milk. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2013, 43, 432–439.
Fu, Z. Y.; Zhou, X. M.; Xing, D. Rapid colorimetric gene-sensing of food pathogenic bacteria using biomodification-free gold nanoparticle. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 2013, 182, 633–641.
Paul, I. E.; Rajeshwari, A.; Alex, S. A.; Sangeetha, S.; Raichur, A. M.; Chandrasekaran, N.; Mukherjee, A. Label-free colorimetric detection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide in food samples using gold nanorods. Sensor Lett. 2016, 14, 19–25.
Lee, H. Y.; Park, H. K.; Lee, Y. M.; Kim, K.; Park, S. B. A practical procedure for producing silver nanocoated fabric and its antibacterial evaluation for biomedical applications. Chem. Commun. 2007, 28, 2959–2961.
Levard, C.; Hotze, E. M.; Colman, B. P.; Dale, A. L.; Truong, L.; Yang, X. Y.; Bone, A. J.; Brown, G. E.; Tanguay, R. L.; Di Giulio, R. T. et al. Sulfidation of silver nanoparticles: Natural antidote to their toxicity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 13440–13448.
Jagtap, U. B.; Bapat, V. A. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Seed extract and its antibacterial activity. Ind. Crops Prod. 2013, 46, 132–137.
Ravindran, A.; Chandran, P.; Khan, S. S. Biofunctionalized silver nanoparticles: Advances and prospects. Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces 2013, 105, 342–352.
Sachdev, D.; Kumar, V.; Maheshwari, P. H.; Pasricha, R.; Deepthi Baghel, N. Silver based nanomaterial, as a selective colorimetric sensor for visual detection of post harvest spoilage in onion. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 2016, 228, 471–479.
Abargues, R.; Rodriguez-Canto, P. J.; Albert, S.; Suarez, I.; Martínez-Pastor, J. P. Plasmonic optical sensors printed from Ag–PVA nanoinks. J. Mater. Chem. C 2014, 2, 908–915.
Lakade, A. J.; Sundar, K.; Shetty, P. H. Nanomaterial-based sensor for the detection of milk spoilage. LWT 2017, 75, 702–709.
Taoukis, P.; Tsironi, T. Smart packaging for monitoring and managing food and beverage shelf life. In The Stability and Shelf-Life of Food; Subramaniam, P.; Wareing, P., Eds.; Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK, 2016; pp 141–168.
Wu, S. H.; Chen, D. H. Synthesis of high-concentration Cu nanoparticles in aqueous CTAB solutions. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2004, 273, 165–169.
Sun, S. D.; Kong, C. C.; Deng, D. C.; Song, X. P.; Ding, B. J.; Yang, Z. M. Nanoparticle-aggregated octahedral copper hierarchical nanostructures. CrystEngComm 2011, 13, 63–66.
Luechinger, N. A.; Loher, S.; Athanassiou, E. K.; Grass, R. N.; Stark, W. J. Highly sensitive optical detection of humidity on polymer/metal nanoparticle hybrid films. Langmuir 2007, 23, 3473–3477.
Hatamie, A.; Zargar, B.; Jalali, A. Copper nanoparticles: A new colorimetric probe for quick, naked-eye detection of sulfide ions in water samples. Talanta 2014, 121, 234–238.
Qian, J.; Yang, X. W.; Jiang, L.; Zhu, C. D.; Mao, H. P.; Wang, K. Facile preparation of Fe3O4 nanospheres/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites with high peroxidase-like activity for sensitive and selective colorimetric detection of acetylcholine. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 2014, 201, 160–166.
Huang, X. W.; Li, Z. H.; Zou, X. B.; Shi, J. Y.; Mao, H. P.; Zhao, J. W.; Hao, L. M.; Holmes, M. Detection of meat-borne trimethylamine based on nanoporous colorimetric sensor arrays. Food Chem. 2016, 197, 930–936.
Gutiérrez-Tauste, D.; Domènech, X.; Casañ-Pastor, N.; Ayllón, J. A. Characterization of methylene blue/TiO2 hybrid thin films prepared by the liquid phase deposition (LPD) method: Application for fabrication of light-activated colorimetric oxygen indicators. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2007, 187, 45–52.
Khan, S. B.; Hou, M. J.; Shuang, S.; Zhang, Z. J. Morphological influence of TiO2 nanostructures (nanozigzag, nanohelics and nanorod) on photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2017, 400, 184–193.
Naskar, S.; Pillay, S. A.; Chanda, M. Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes in aqueous solution with TiO2 nanoparticles immobilized on foamed polyethylene sheet. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 1998, 113, 257–264.
Pereira, L.; Pereira, R.; Oliveira, C. S.; Apostol, L.; Gavrilescu, M.; Pons, M. N.; Zahraa, O.; Alves, M. M. UV/TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of xanthene dyes. Photochem. Photobiol. 2013, 89, 33–39.
Daneshvar, N.; Salari, D.; Khataee, A. R. Photocatalytic degradation of azo dye acid red 14 in water on ZnO as an alternative catalyst to TiO2. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2004, 162, 317–322.
Chakrabarti, S.; Dutta, B. K. Photocatalytic degradation of model textile dyes in wastewater using ZnO as semiconductor catalyst. J. Hazard. Mater. 2004, 112, 269–278.
Singh, R.; Barman, P. B.; Sharma, D. Synthesis, structural and optical properties of Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles with enhanced photocatalytic properties by photo degradation of organic dyes. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 2017, 28, 5705–5717.
Sharma, P.; Kumar, R.; Chauhan, S.; Singh, D.; Chauhan, M. S. Facile growth and characterization of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2014, 14, 6153–6157.
Cheng, M. M.; Ma, W. H.; Li, J.; Huang, Y. P.; Zhao, J. C. Visible-lightassisted degradation of dye pollutants over Fe(III)-loaded resin in the presence of H2O2 at neutral pH values. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 1569–1575.
Mazloom, J.; Ghodsi, F. E.; Zamani, H.; Golmojdeh, H. Relation between physical properties, enhanced photodegradation of organic dyes and antibacterial potential of Sn1–xSbxO2 nanoparticles. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 2017, 28, 2183–2192.
Tatsuma, T.; Tachibana, S. I.; Miwa, T.; Tryk, D. A.; Fujishima, A. Remote bleaching of methylene blue by UV-irradiated TiO2 in the gas phase. J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, 8033–8035.
Wang, J.; Guo, Y. W.; Liu, B.; Jin, X. D.; Liu, L. J.; Xu, R.; Kong, Y. M.; Wang, B. X. Detection and analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by nano-sized TiO2 powder under ultrasonic irradiation and application in sonocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2011, 18, 177–183.
Gupta, S. M.; Tripathi, M. A review of TiO2 nanoparticles. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2011, 56, 1639–1657.
Lawrie, K.; Mills, A.; Hazafy, D. Simple inkjet-printed, UV-activated oxygen indicator. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 2013, 176, 1154–1159.
Son, E. J.; Lee, J. S.; Lee, M.; Vu, C. H. T.; Lee, H.; Won, K.; Park, C. B. Self-adhesive graphene oxide-wrapped TiO2 nanoparticles for UV-activated colorimetric oxygen detection. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 2015, 213, 322–328.
Wang, W. S.; Ye, M. M.; He, L.; Yin, Y. D. Nanocrystalline TiO2-catalyzed photoreversible color switching. Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 1681–1686.
Ornatska, M.; Sharpe, E.; Andreescu, D.; Andreescu, S. Paper bioassay based on ceria nanoparticles as colorimetric probes. Anal. Chem. 2011, 83, 4273–4280.
Neal, C. Fabrication and investigation of an enzyme-free, nanoparticle-based biosensor for hydrogen peroxide determination. Master Degree Thesis, University of Central Florida, Florida, USA, 2016.
Andreescu, E. S.; Ornatska, M.; Ispas, C. R.; Andreescu, D. Reagentless ceria-based colorimetric sensor. U.S. Patent 8,691,520B2, April 08 2014.
Gaynor, J. D.; Karakoti, A. S.; Inerbaev, T.; Sanghavi, S.; Nachimuthu, P.; Shutthanandan, V.; Seal, S.; Thevuthasan, S. Enzyme-free detection of hydrogen peroxide from cerium oxide nanoparticles immobilized on poly(4-vinylpyridine) self-assembled monolayers. J. Mater. Chem. B 2013, 1, 3443–3450.
Nouanthavong, S.; Nacapricha, D.; Henry, C. S.; Sameenoi, Y. Pesticide analysis using nanoceria-coated paper-based devices as a detection platform. Analyst 2016, 141, 1837–1846.
Xu, H.; Wu, P.; Zhu, C.; Elbaz, A.; Gu, Z. Z. Photonic crystal for gas sensing. J. Mater. Chem. C 2013, 1, 6087–6098.
Joannopoulos, J. D.; Villeneuve, P. R.; Fan, S. H. Photonic crystals: Putting a new twist on light. Nature 1997, 386, 143–149.
Wang, H.; Zhang, K. Q. Photonic crystal structures with tunable structure color as colorimetric sensors. Sensors 2013, 13, 4192–4213.
Aguirre, C. I.; Reguera, E.; Stein, A. Tunable colors in opals and inverse opal photonic crystals. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20, 2565–2578.
Potyrailo, R. A.; Ghiradella, H.; Vertiatchikh, A.; Dovidenko, K.; Cournoyer, J. R.; Olson, E. Morpho butterfly wing scales demonstrate highly selective vapour response. Nat. Photonics 2007, 1, 123–128.
Fudouzi, H. Tunable structural color in organisms and photonic materials for design of bioinspired materials. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 2011, 12, 064704.
Seago, A. E.; Brady, P.; Vigneron, J. P.; Schultz, T. D. Gold bugs and beyond: A review of iridescence and structural colour mechanisms in beetles (Coleoptera). J. R. Soc. Interface 2009, 6, S165–S184.
Matsubara, K.; Watanabe, M.; Takeoka, Y. A thermally adjustable multicolor photochromic hydrogel. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 1688–1692.
Shin, J.; Braun, P. V.; Lee, W. Fast response photonic crystal pH sensor based on templated photo-polymerized hydrogel inverse opal. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 2010, 150, 183–190.
Shin, J.; Han, S. G.; Lee, W. Dually tunable inverse opal hydrogel colorimetric sensor with fast and reversible color changes. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 2012, 168, 20–26.
Choi, S. Y.; Mamak, M.; von Freymann, G.; Chopra, N.; Ozin, G. A. Mesoporous bragg stack color tunable sensors. Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 2456–2461.
Zhou, J.; Wang, G. N.; Marquez, M.; Hu, Z. B. The formation of crystalline hydrogel films by self-crosslinking microgels. Soft Matter 2009, 5, 820–826.
Cui, Q. Z.; Wang, W.; Gu, B. H.; Liang, L. Y. A combined physicalchemical polymerization process for fabrication of nanoparticle-hydrogel sensing materials. Macromolecules 2012, 45, 8382–8386.
Ganter, P.; Szendrei, K.; Lotsch, B. V. Towards the nanosheet-based photonic nose: Vapor recognition and trace water sensing with antimony phosphate thin film devices. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 7436–7442.
Szendrei, K.; Ganter, P.; Sànchez-Sobrado, O.; Eger, R.; Kuhn, A.; Lotsch, B. V. Touchless optical finger motion tracking based on 2D nanosheets with giant moisture responsiveness. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 6341–6348.
Jia, X. L.; Wang, K.; Wang, J. Y.; Hu, Y. D.; Shen, L.; Zhu, J. T. Full-color photonic hydrogels for pH and ionic strength sensing. Eur. Polym. J. 2016, 83, 60–66.
Zhang, K.; Geissler, A.; Standhardt, M.; Mehlhase, S.; Gallei, M.; Chen, L. Q.; Thiele, C. M. Moisture-responsive films of cellulose stearoyl esters showing reversible shape transitions. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 12390.
Pavlichenko, I.; Exner, A. T.; Guehl, M.; Lugli, P.; Scarpa, G.; Lotsch, B. V. Humidity-enhanced thermally tunable TiO2/SiO2 Bragg stacks. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 298–305.
Kang, Y.; Walish, J. J.; Gorishnyy, T.; Thomas, E. L. Broad-wavelengthrange chemically tunable block-copolymer photonic gels. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 957–960.
Yang, Q. Q.; Zhu, S. M.; Peng, W. H.; Yin, C.; Wang, W. L.; Gu, J. J.; Zhang, W.; Ma, J.; Deng, T.; Feng, C. L.; Zhang, D. Bioinspired fabrication of hierarchically structured, pH-tunable photonic crystals with unique transition. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 4911–4918.
Xu, J.; Guo, Z. G. Biomimetic photonic materials with tunable structural colors. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2013, 406, 1–17.
Jiang, T.; Peng, Z. C.; Wu, W. J.; Shi, T. L.; Liao, G. L. Gas sensing using hierarchical micro/nanostructures of Morpho butterfly scales. Sens. Actuators A: Phys. 2014, 213, 63–69.
Lu, T.; Zhu, S. M.; Chen, Z. X.; Wang, W. L.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, D. Hierarchical photonic structured stimuli-responsive materials as highperformance colorimetric sensors. Nanoscale 2016, 8, 10316–10322.
Lagerwall, J. P. F.; Schütz, C.; Salajkova, M.; Noh, J.; Park, J. H.; Scalia, G.; Bergström, L. Cellulose nanocrystal-based materials: From liquid crystal self-assembly and glass formation to multifunctional thin films. NPG Asia Mater. 2014, 6, e80.
Moon, R. J.; Martini, A.; Nairn, J.; Simonsen, J.; Youngblood, J. Cellulose nanomaterials review: Structure, properties and nanocomposites. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 40, 3941–3994.
Liu, D. G.; Wang, S.; Ma, Z. S.; Tian, D. L.; Gu, M. Y.; Lin, F. Y. Structure-color mechanism of iridescent cellulose nanocrystal films. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 39322–39331.
Beck, S.; Bouchard, J.; Berry, R. Controlling the reflection wavelength of iridescent solid films of nanocrystalline cellulose. Biomacromolecules 2011, 12, 167–172.
Cheung, C. C. Y.; Giese, M.; Kelly, J. A.; Hamad, W. Y.; MacLachlan, M. J. Iridescent chiral nematic cellulose nanocrystal/polymer composites assembled in organic solvents. ACS Macro Lett. 2013, 2, 1016–1020.
Bardet, R.; Belgacem, N.; Bras, J. Flexibility and color monitoring of cellulose nanocrystal iridescent solid films using anionic or neutral polymers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 4010–4018.
Mu, X. Y.; Gray, D. G. Droplets of cellulose nanocrystal suspensions on drying give iridescent 3-D “coffee-stain” rings. Cellulose 2015, 22, 1103–1107.
Gray, D. G. Recent advances in chiral nematic structure and iridescent color of cellulose nanocrystal films. Nanomaterials 2016, 6, 213.
Dumanli, A. G.; van der Kooij, H. M.; Kamita, G.; Reisner, E.; Baumberg, J. J.; Steiner, U.; Vignolini, S. Digital color in cellulose nanocrystal films. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 12302–12306.
Gençer, A.; Schutz, C.; Thielemans, W. Influence of the particle concentration and marangoni flow on the formation of cellulose nanocrystal films. Langmuir 2017, 33, 228–234.
Mihranyan, A.; Llagostera, A. P.; Karmhag, R.; Strømme, M.; Ek, R. Moisture sorption by cellulose powders of varying crystallinity. Int. J. Pharm. 2004, 269, 433–442.
Kelly, J. A.; Shukaliak, A. M.; Cheung, C. C. Y.; Shopsowitz, K. E.; Hamad, W. Y.; MacLachlan, M. J. Responsive photonic hydrogels based on nanocrystalline cellulose. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 8912–8916.
Bumbudsanpharoke, N.; Lee, W.; Chung, U.; Ko, S. Study of humidityresponsive behavior in chiral nematic cellulose nanocrystal films for colorimetric response. Cellulose 2018, 25, 305–317.
Habibi, Y. Key advances in the chemical modification of nanocelluloses. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 1519–1542.
Dujardin, E.; Blaseby, M.; Mann, S. Synthesis of mesoporous silica by sol–gel mineralisation of cellulose nanorod nematic suspensions. J. Mater. Chem. 2003, 13, 696–699.
Zhao, Y. J.; Shang, L. R.; Cheng, Y.; Gu, Z. Z. Spherical colloidal photonic crystals. Acc. Chem. Res. 2014, 47, 3632–3642.
Reese, C. E.; Mikhonin, A. V.; Kamenjicki, M.; Tikhonov, A.; Asher, S. A. Nanogel nanosecond photonic crystal optical switching. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 1493–1496.
Chen, M.; Zhou, L.; Guan, Y.; Zhang, Y. J. Polymerized microgel colloidal crystals: Photonic hydrogels with tunable band gaps and fast response rates. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 9961–9965.
Sun, S. T.; Wu, P. Y. A one-step strategy for thermal- and pH-responsive graphene oxide interpenetrating polymer hydrogel networks. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 4095–4097.
Blanford, C. F.; Schroden, R. C.; Al-Daous, M.; Stein, A. Tuning solventdependent color changes of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) materials through compositional and geometric modifications. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 26.
Kelly, J. A.; Shopsowitz, K. E.; Ahn, J. M.; Hamad, W. Y.; MacLachlan, M. J. Chiral nematic stained glass: Controlling the optical properties of nanocrystalline cellulose-templated materials. Langmuir 2012, 28, 17256–17262.
Borchert, N. B.; Kerry, J. P.; Papkovsky, D. B. A CO2 sensor based on Pt-porphyrin dye and FRET scheme for food packaging applications. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 2013, 176, 157–165.
O’Riordan, T. C.; Voraberger, H.; Kerry, J. P.; Papkovsky, D. B. Study of migration of active components of phosphorescent oxygen sensors for food packaging applications. Anal. Chim. Acta 2005, 530, 135–141.
Kelly, C. A.; Cruz-Romero, M.; Kerry, J. P.; Papkovsky, D. B. Stability and safety assessment of phosphorescent oxygen sensors for use in food packaging applications. Chemosensors 2018, 6, 38.
Bumbudsanpharoke, N.; Ko, S. Nano-food packaging: An overview of market, migration research, and safety regulations. J. Food Sci. 2015, 80, R910–R923.
Garcia, C. V.; Shin, G. H.; Kim, J. T. Metal oxide-based nanocomposites in food packaging: Applications, migration, and regulations. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 2018, 82, 21–31.
Störmer, A.; Bott, J.; Kemmer, D.; Franz, R. Critical review of the migration potential of nanoparticles in food contact plastics. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 63, 39–50.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the International Joint R&D Program, the Agency for Korean National Food Cluster, Republic of Korea and in part by the Yonsei University Research Fund of 2018.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bumbudsanpharoke, N., Ko, S. Nanomaterial-based optical indicators: Promise, opportunities, and challenges in the development of colorimetric systems for intelligent packaging. Nano Res. 12, 489–500 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-018-2237-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-018-2237-z