Abstract
Phytoestrogens were widely used as natural alternatives to estrogen for treating cardiovascular diseases. They have been reported to have cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory response, but the mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we found cryptotanshinone and wogonin exhibited phytoestrogenic property in an estrogen-responsive reporter assay. In EA.hy926 cells, treatment of cryptotanshinone and wogonin led to significant increase in NO production levels, which were inhibited by co-incubation of estrogen receptor (ER)α antagonist methyl-piperidino-pyrazole (MPP). The expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and ERα were up-regulated with the same treatment, indicating they stimulate NO and eNOS expression via ERα-dependent pathway in endothelial cells. While in lipopolysaccharide activated vascular smooth muscle cell line A7r5, cryptotanshinone and wogonin exerted anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NO and inducible NO synthase expression via ERβ-dependent pathway. The reduction of NO synthesis was not affected by MPP, and was abrogated by ERβ antagonist R,R-tetrahydrochrysene. Our findings provide the potential molecular mechanism of cryptotanshinone and wogonin as phytoestrogens for their cardioprotective effects, which exerted regulatory effects on NO synthesis through differential regulation of estrogen receptors. It can be employed as a basis for evaluating the beneficial effects of phytoestrogens in the treatment of patients at risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the financial support from the project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81173592), Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of Ministry of Education of China (NCET-13-0935), Program of International S&T Cooperation Project of China (2015DFA30430), “Major drug discovery” National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2012ZX09101212), the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University, PCSIRT (IRT1276).
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Barnabas Oche and Lu Chen have contributed equally to this study.
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Oche, B., Chen, L., Ma, Yk. et al. Cryptotanshinone and wogonin up-regulate eNOS in vascular endothelial cells via ERα and down-regulate iNOS in LPS stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells via ERβ. Arch. Pharm. Res. 39, 249–258 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-015-0671-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-015-0671-y