Abstract
Carboxypeptidase E (CPE) is a prohormone-processing enzyme and sorting receptor that functions intracellularly. However, recent studies have demonstrated that CPE acts as a trophic factor extracellularly to up-regulate the expression of a pro-survival gene. This mini-review summarizes the roles of CPE in neuroprotection and the implications for neurodegenerative diseases.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Fricker LD, Snyder SH. Enkephalin convertase: purification and characterization of a specific enkephalin-synthesizing carboxypeptidase localized to adrenal chromaffin granules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982, 79: 3886–3890.
Hook VY, Eiden LE, Brownstein MJ. A carboxypeptidase processing enzyme for enkephalin precursors. Nature 1982, 295: 341–342.
Cawley NX, Wetsel WC, Murthy SR, Park JJ, Pacak K, Loh YP. New roles of carboxypeptidase E in endocrine and neural function and cancer. Endocr Rev 2012, 33: 216–253.
Cool DR, Normant E, Shen F, Chen HC, Pannell L, Zhang Y, et al. Carboxypeptidase E is a regulated secretory pathway sorting receptor: genetic obliteration leads to endocrine disorders in Cpefat mice. Cell 1997, 88: 73–83.
Lou H, Kim SK, Zaitsev E, Snell CR, Lu B, Loh YP. Sorting and activity-dependent secretion of BDNF require interaction of a specific motif with the sorting receptor carboxypeptidase E. Neuron 2005, 45: 245–255.
Lim KC, Tyler CM, Lim ST, Giuliano R, Federoff HJ. Proteolytic processing of proNGF is necessary for mature NGF regulated secretion from neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007, 361: 599–604.
Park JJ, Cawley NX, Loh YP. A bi-directional carboxypeptidase E-driven transport mechanism controls BDNF vesicle homeostasis in hippocampal neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008, 39: 63–73.
Lou H, Park JJ, Cawley NX, Sarcon A, Sun L, Adams T, et al. Carboxypeptidase E cytoplasmic tail mediates localization of synaptic vesicles to the pre-active zone in hypothalamic presynaptic terminals. J Neurochem 2010, 114: 886–896.
Jin K, Graham SH, Nagayama T, Goldsmith PC, Greenberg DA, Zhou A, et al. Altered expression of the neuropeptideprocessing enzyme carboxypeptidase E in the rat brain after global ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001, 21: 1422–1429.
Zhou A, Minami M, Zhu X, Bae S, Minthorne J, Lan J, et al. Altered biosynthesis of neuropeptide processing enzyme carboxypeptidase E after brain ischemia: molecular mechanism and implication. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004, 24: 612–622.
Koks S, Luuk H, Nelovkov A, Areda T, Vasar E. A screen for genes induced in the amygdaloid area during cat odor exposure. Genes Brain Behav 2004, 3: 80–89.
Murthy SR, Thouennon E, Li WS, Cheng Y, Bhupatkar J, Cawley NX, et al. Carboxypeptidase E protects hippocampal neurons during stress in male mice by up-regulating prosurvival BCL2 protein expression. Endocrinology 2013, 154: 3284–3293.
Cawley NX, Zhou J, Hill JM, Abebe D, Romboz S, Yanik T, et al. The carboxypeptidase E knockout mouse exhibits endocrinological and behavioral deficits. Endocrinology 2004, 145: 5807–5819.
Coulon M, Wellman CL, Marjara IS, Janczak AM, Zanella AJ. Early adverse experience alters dendritic spine density and gene expression in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in lambs. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013, 38: 1112–1121.
Woronowicz A, Cawley NX, Chang SY, Koshimizu H, Phillips AW, Xiong ZG, et al. Carboxypeptidase E knockout mice exhibit abnormal dendritic arborization and spine morphology in central nervous system neurons. J Neurosci Res 2010, 88: 64–72.
Carrel D, Du Y, Komlos D, Hadzimichalis NM, Kwon M, Wang B, et al. NOS1AP regulates dendrite patterning of hippocampal neurons through a carboxypeptidase E-mediated pathway. J Neurosci 2009, 29: 8248–8258.
Woronowicz A, Koshimizu H, Chang SY, Cawley NX, Hill JM, Rodriguiz RM, et al. Absence of carboxypeptidase E leads to adult hippocampal neuronal degeneration and memory deficits. Hippocampus 2008, 18: 1051–1063.
Rodriguiz RM, Wilkins JJ, Creson TK, Biswas R, Berezniuk I, Fricker AD, et al. Emergence of anxiety-like behaviours in depressive-like Cpefat/fat mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013, 16: 1623–1634.
Woronowicz A, Cawley NX, Loh YP. Carbamazepine prevents hippocampal neurodegeneration in mice lacking the neuroprotective protein, carboxypetidase E. Clinic Pharmacol Biopharmaceut 2012, Sl: 002.
Cheng Y, Cawley NX, Loh YP. Carboxypeptidase E/NFα1: A new neurotrophic factor against oxidative stress-induced apoptotic cell death mediated by ERK and PI3-K/AKT pathways. PLoS ONE 2013, 8: e71578.
Koshimizu H, Senatorov V, Loh YP, Gozes I. Neuroprotective protein and carboxypeptidase E. J Mol Neurosci 2009, 39: 1–8.
Murthy SR, Dupart E, Al-Sweel N, Chen A, Cawley NX, Peng Loh Y. Carboxypeptidase E promotes cancer cell survival, but inhibits migration and invasion. Cancer Lett 2013, 341: 204–213.
Pla V, Paco S, Ghezali G, Ciria V, Pozas E, Ferrer I, et al. Secretory sorting receptors carboxypeptidase E and secretogranin III in amyloid beta-associated neural degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Pathol 2013, 23: 274–284.
Counts SE, Perez SE, Ginsberg SD, Mufson EJ. Neuroprotective role for galanin in Alzheimer’s disease. EXS 2010, 102: 143–162.
Cheng Y, Yu LC. Galanin protects amyloid-beta-induced neurotoxicity on primary cultured hippocampal neurons of rats. J Alzheimers Dis 2010, 20: 1143–1157.
Weber SJ, Louis RB, Trombley L, Bissette G, Davies P, Davis TP. Metabolic half-life of somatostatin and peptidase activities are altered in Alzheimer’s disease. J Gerontol 1992, 47: B18–25.
Stahl S, Reinders Y, Asan E, Mothes W, Conzelmann E, Sickmann A, et al. Proteomic analysis of cathepsin B- and L-deficient mouse brain lysosomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007, 1774: 1237–1246.
Mazon Pelaez I, Vogler S, Strauss U, Wernhoff P, Pahnke J, Brockmann G, et al. Identification of quantitative trait loci controlling cortical motor evoked potentials in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: correlation with incidence, onset and severity of disease. Hum Mol Genet 2005, 14: 1977–1989.
Ibrahim SM, Mix E, Bottcher T, Koczan D, Gold R, Rolfs A, et al. Gene expression profiling of the nervous system in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain 2001, 124: 1927–1938.
Lee C, Hu J, Ralls S, Kitamura T, Loh YP, Yang Y, et al. The molecular profiles of neural stem cell niche in the adult subventricular zone. PLoS One 2012, 7: e50501.
Skalka N, Caspi M, Caspi E, Loh YP, Rosin-Arbesfeld R. Carboxypeptidase E: a negative regulator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Oncogene 2013, 32: 2836–2847.
Lin LF, Liao MJ, Xue XY, Zhang W, Yan L, Cai L, et al. Combination of Abeta clearance and neurotrophic factors as a potential treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Bull 2013, 29: 111–120.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cheng, Y., Cawley, N.X. & Loh, Y.P. Carboxypeptidase E (NF-α1): a new trophic factor in neuroprotection. Neurosci. Bull. 30, 692–696 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-013-1430-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-013-1430-z