Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Cycad propagation by rural nurseries in Mexico as an alternative conservation strategy: 20 years on

  • Published:
Kew Bulletin Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Propagation of the cycad Dioon edule aimed at sustainable management in the state of Veracruz, Mexico has been ongoing since 1990 under the supervision of staff at Francisco Javier Botanic Garden, with the principal objectives of addressing illegal trafficking and habitat destruction. Plant sales have been limited. Nevertheless these, along with the sale of other managed forest products, have given the cycad producers and other villagers enough incentive to conserve 80 hectares of cycad habitat and to discourage illegal collecting. This model was taken up by four similar nurseries in the buffer zones of two biosphere reserves in Chiapas for the propagation of four additional cycad species and two endangered Chamaedorea palms. A further biosphere reserve in Puebla hosts a similar nursery for the critically endangered D. caputoi. Here the producers are paid through the Reserve authority for cultivation and reintroduction of the cycad. All species were studied at the population level prior to and during nursery establishment. Cultivation knowledge has been passed on to the farmers as well as limited help in marketing. Seedling reintroduction experiments have been carried out but further demographic studies of D. edule and C. mirandae have given reason to re-think reintroduction strategies. There is great potential for these nurseries to act as shelter for rescued plants during civil engineering projects. The marketing problem is still an issue and has been approached by the involvement of conservation authorities in Chiapas to assist the producers with permit paperwork and to seek markets. This experience is an important example of botanic garden extension to rural communities in Mexico that covers several articles of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The Ejido system was put in place in Mexico in the 1920s, during agrarian reform after the 1910 – 1920 Mexican Revolution. It assigns lands to local communities as common property.

References

  • Anonymous (1994). Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-ECOL-1994, que determina las especies y subespecies de flora y fauna silvestre terrestres y acuáticas en peligro de extinción, amenazadas, raras y las sujetas a protección especial, y que establece especificaciones para su protección. Diario Oficial. México, D.F.: 1 – 25.

  • Cabrera-Toledo, D., González-Astorga, J. & Vovides A. P. (2008). Heterozygote excess in ancient populations of the critically endangerd Dioon caputoi (Zamiaceae, Cycadales) from central Mexico. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 158: 436 – 447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calahorra, O., Vázquez, L., Rodríguez, H., Hernández, E., Delfín-Alfonso, C. & Benítez, G. (2006). Identification of the environmental impacts caused by the expansion of Zimapan power plant. In: L. Berga, J. M. Buil, E. Bofill, J. C. de Cea, J. A. García Pérez, G. Mañueco, J. Polimon, A. Soriano & J. Yagüe (eds), Dams and Reservoirs, Societies and Environment in the 21st Century, pp. 1195 – 1200. Taylor & Francis Group, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dehgan, B. & Johnson, C. R. (1987). Root branching in Zamia floridana: effect of growth regulators and anatomical features. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 112: 1041 – 1044.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Given, D. R. (1997). Practical plant conservation — what can botanic gardens hope to achieve? In: D. H. Touchell & K. W. Dixon (eds), Conservation into the 21st Century, pp. 87 – 98. Perth, Botanic Gardens, Conservation International.

  • Octavio-Aguilar, P., González-Astorga, J. & Vovides, A. P. (2008). Population dynamics of the Mexican cycad Dioon edule Lindl. (Zamiaceae): life history stages and management impact. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 157: 381 – 391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Farrera, M. A. (2008). Cycadales in Chiapas, Mexico (Ceratozamia mirandae). NDF Workshop Case Studies, Cycads and Succulents, CITES-CONABIO. http://www.conabio.gob.mx/institucion/cooperacion_internacional/TallerNDF/wg3.html accessed 2 July 2010.

  • _____ & Vovides, A. P. (1997). Manual para el cultivo y propagación de cycadas. INE-SEMARNAP, D.F., Mexico.

    Google Scholar 

  • _____ & _____ (2004). Spatial distribution, population structure, and fecundity of Ceratozamia matudai Lundell (Zamiaceae) in El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, Mexico. Bot. Rev. 70: 299 – 311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • _____, _____, Hernández-Jonapá, R. & de la Cruz-Rodríguez, J. (2004). Ecología de cycadas amenazadas del al Reserva de la Biosfera El Triunfo. In: M. A. Pérez-Farrera, N. Martínez-Meléndez, A. Hernández-Yáñez & A. V. Arreola-Muñoz (eds), La Reserva de la Biosfera El Triunfo: tras una década de conservación, pp. 191 – 214. UNICACH, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico.

    Google Scholar 

  • _____, _____, Octavio-Aguilar, P., González-Astorga, J., de la Cruz-Rodríguez, J., Hernández-Jonapá, R. & Villalobos-Méndez, S. M. (2006). Demography of the cycad Ceratozamia mirandae (Zamiaceae) under disturbed and undisturbed conditions in a biosphere reserve of Mexico. Pl. Ecol. 187: 97 – 108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • _____, Quintana-Ascencio, P. F., Salvatierra-Izaba, B. & Vovides, A. P. (2000). Population dynamics of Ceratozamia matudai Lundell (Zamiaceae) in El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, Mexico. J. Torrey Bot. Club 127: 291 – 299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salomé-Castañeda, E. (2009). Parámetros demográficos de Dioon spinulosum Dyer & Eichler (Zamiaceae), en San Miguel Soyaltepec, Oaxaca. Master’s thesis, Posgrado Instituto de Ecología, A.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmonds. J. B., Beyer, R. I., Brandham, P. E., Lucas, G. Ll. & Parry, V. T. H. (eds) (1976). Conservation of Threatened Plants. NATO Conference Series 1: Ecology. Plenum Press, New York and London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vovides, A. P. (1979). Mexico: practical conservation problems of a new botanic garden. In: H. Synge & H. Townsend (eds), Survival or Extinction, pp. 117 – 123. Bentham-Moxon Trust, Kew.

    Google Scholar 

  • _____ (1990). Spatial distribution, survival and fecundity of Dioon edule (Zamiaceae) in a tropical deciduous forest in Veracruz, Mexico, with notes on its habitat. Amer. J. Bot. 77: 1532 – 1543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • _____ (2008). Cycadales in Mexico (Dioon edule). NDF Workshop Case Studies, Cycads and Succulents, CITES-CONABIO. http://www.conabio.gob.mx/institucion/cooperacion_internacional/TallerNDF/wg3.html. Accessed 2 July 2010.

  • _____ & Iglesias, C. G. (1994). An integrated conservation strategy for the cycad Dioon edule Lindl. Biodivers. Conservation 3: 137 – 141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • _____, _____, Pérez-Farrera, M. A., Vázquez Torres, M. & Schippmann, U. (2002). Peasant nurseries: A concept for an integrated conservation strategy for cycads in Mexico. In: M. Maunder, C. Clubbe, C. Hankamer & M. Groves (eds), Plant Conservation in the Tropics: Perspectives and Practice, pp. 421 − 444. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

    Google Scholar 

  • _____, _____, Cruz, M., Hernández-Reyes, J., Hernández-Cuevas, L. & Galicia-Castellanos, S. (in press). The effect of taproot pruning and AMF mycorrhiza on growth and development of Dioon angustifolium Miq. seedlings. In: A. Taylor, R. Osborne & D. W. Stevenson (eds), Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Cycad Biology.

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the members of the various nurseries in Chiapas and Veracruz for their solidarity and patience over the years, essential for making this venture possible at their respective localities; Las Golondrinas, Andrés Quintana Roo, La Sombra, Tres Picos, Nueva Independencia and Monte Oscuro. Thanks are due to the Clavijero Botanic Garden staff and students Melquiades Cruz and Julieta Hernández for assisting in the mycorrhiza experiments and gardeners Julian Pérez and Javier Hernández for the care of experimental seedlings. Thanks also to students and collaborators of the second author at the Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas. Acknowledgement is also due to the various funding agencies that have awarded grants over the years: Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT), Fauna & Flora International, Comision Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP) for the Biosphere Reserves of El Triunfo and La Sepultura, U. S. Fish and Wild Service, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Teconlogía (CONACyT), GTZ-Germany and Instituto Veracruzano de Desarrollo Rural (INVEDER). The first author thanks the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew for assessing the Clavijero Botanic Garden in its early years and for inviting the first author to three crucial Kew plant conservation conferences in 1978, 1991 and 2009 that has given us much inspiration to continue. Finally the authors thank Sonia Galicia Castellanos for preparation of the figures for this manuscript and an anonymous reviewer whose positive comments helped to improve the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. P. Vovides.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Vovides, A.P., Pérez-Farrera, M.A. & Iglesias, C. Cycad propagation by rural nurseries in Mexico as an alternative conservation strategy: 20 years on. Kew Bull 65, 603–611 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-010-9240-1

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-010-9240-1

Key words

Navigation