Abstract
The aim of this study was to adapt the Scale of Body Connection into Turkish and to test the mediating role of body awareness and body dissociation in the relationship between interpersonal emotion regulation, mindfulness, and flourishing. Data was sourced from a total of 440 participants (125 males, 315 females) from Istanbul Medeniyet University, as well as their relatives through a snowball sampling method. The participants had an age range between 15 and 84, with a mean age of 24.41 (SD = 9.35). The construct validity of the scale was tested via a confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients were analyzed to test the internal consistency. Finally, a path analysis was used to test the research model. The results of the CFA showed that the scale is a valid instrument after eliminating few items. In addition, the reliability level of the scale was found to be satisfactory. The findings of the path analysis indicated that both mindfulness and interpersonal emotion regulation have significantly positive relationship with body awareness while mindfulness has a significantly negative relationship with body dissociation. In addition, there is a negative relationship between body dissociation and flourishing while body awareness has a significantly positive relationship with flourishing. The adjusted model accounted for a 9% variance in body awareness, 22% variance in body dissociation, and 6% variance in flourishing scores of participants.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson, R. (2006). Body intelligence scale: Defining and measuring the intelligence of the body. The Humanistic Psychologist, 34(4), 357–367. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15473333thp3404_5.
Aposhyan, S. (1999). Natural intelligence: Body–mind integration and human development. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2340759.Natural_Intelligence.
Archer, S. (2005). Body awareness therapies emerging. IDEA Fitness Journal, 4(2), 87–88 https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA159328886&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=1548419X&p=AONE&sw=w.
Bakal, D. (1999). Minding the body: Clinical uses of somatic awareness. New York: The Guilford Press https://www.guilford.com/books/Minding-the-Body/Donald-Bakal/9781572306615.
Baslet, G., & Hill, J. (2011). Case report: Brief mindfulness-based psychotherapeutic intervention during inpatient hospitalization in a patient with conversion and dissociation. Clinical Case Studies, 10(2), 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534650110396359.
Bentler, M. (1990). Comparative fit indices in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–241. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077.
Blackburn, J., & Price, C. J. (2007). Further implications of presence. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 11, 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2007.0537.
Bonanno, G. A., & Burton, C. L. (2013). Regulatory flexibility: An individual difference perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspective of Psychological Science, 8, 591–612. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613504116.
Brani, O., Hefferon, K., Lomas, T., Ivtzan, I., & Painter, J. (2014). The impact of body awareness on subjective wellbeing: The role of mindfulness. International Body Psychotherapy Journal, 13(1), 95–107 https://www.awarenessisfreedom.com/2014/12/the-impact-of-body-awareness-on-subjective-wellbeing/.
Brown, A. T. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (1st ed.). New York: Guilford Press https://www.guilford.com/books/Confirmatory-Factor-Analysis-for-Applied-Research/Timothy-Brown/9781462515363.
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822.
Burns, J. W. (2006). The role of attentional strategies in moderating links between acute pain induction and subsequent psychological stress: Evidence for symptom specific reactivity among patients with chronic pain versus healthy non patients. Emotions, 6, 180–192. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.180.
Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016). The PERMA-profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526.
Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates https://ogur.org/wp-content-hybe.pdf.
Cohen, N., & Arieli, T. (2011). Field research in conflict environments: Methodological challenges and snowball sampling. Journal of Peace Research, 48(4), 423–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311405698.
Corrigan, F. M. (2002). Mindfulness, dissociation, EMDR and the anterior cingulate cortex: A hypothesis. Contemporary Hypnosis, 19(1), 8–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/ch.235.
Craig, A. D. (2015). How do you feel? An interoceptive moment with your neurobiological self. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400852727.
Davidson, L., Rosenberg, M., & Moore, K. (2003). Well-being and the future: Using science-based knowledge to inform practice and policy. In: Bornstein M, Davidson L, Keyes C, Moore K. & the Center for Child Wellbeing (eds), Well-being: Positive Development Across the Life Course. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410607171.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life's domains. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 262. https://doi.org/10.1037/0708-5591.49.3.262.
Demirci, İ., Ekşi, H., Dinçer, D., & Kardaş, S. (2017). Five-dimensional model of well-being: The validity and reliability of Turkish version of PERMA-profiler. The Journal of Happiness and Well-Being, 5(1), 60–77 https://www.journalofhappiness.net/frontend//articles/pdf/v5i1/perma-iyi-olus1pdf.pdf.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542.
Eryılmaz, A. (2015). Investigation of the relations between religious activities and subjective well-being of high school students. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 15(2), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2015.2.2327.
Escudero-Perez, S., Leon-Palacios, M. G., Ubeda-Gomez, J., Barros-Albarran, M. D., Lopez-Jimenez, A. M., & Perona-Garcelan, S. (2015). Dissociation and mindfulness in patients with auditory verbal hallucinations. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2015.1085480.
Frewen, P. A., & Lanius, R. A. (2006). Neurobiology of dissociation: Unity and disunity in mind–body–brain. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29, 113–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2005.10.016.
Füstös, J., Gramann, K., Herbert, B. M., & Pollatos, O. (2013). On the embodiment of emotion regulation: Interoceptive awareness facilitates reappraisal. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8, 911–917. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nss089.
Gable, S. L., & Reis, H. T. (2010). Good news! Capitalizing on positive events in an interpersonal context. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 42, pp. 195-257). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(10)42004-3.
Grecucci, A., Giorgetta, C., Bonini, N., & Sanfey, A. G. (2013). Reappraising social emotions: The role of inferior frontal gyrus, temporo-parietal junction and insula in interpersonal emotion regulation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 523. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00523.
Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348.
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348.
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1997). Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.106.1.95.
Hambleton, R. K., & Bollwark, J. (1991). Adapting tests for use in different cultures: Technical issues and methods. Bulletin of the International Testing Commission, 18, 3–32 https://www.jstor.org/stable/27522340?seq=1.
Hanley, A. W., Mehling, W. E., & Garland, E. L. (2017). Holding the body in mind: Interoceptive awareness, dispositional mindfulness, and psychological well-being. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 99, 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.05.014.
Hefferon, K. (2013). The body and positive psychology: The Somatopsychic side to flourishing. London: McGraw-Hill https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED337481.pdf.
Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery. New York: Basic Books. https://doi.org/10.1080/00029157.1994.10403071.
Higgins, E. T., & Pittman, T. S. (2008). Motives of the human animal: Comprehending, managing, and sharing inner states. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 361–385. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093726.
Hofmann, S. G. (2014). Interpersonal emotion regulation model of mood and anxiety disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38, 483–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014-9620-1.
Hofmann, S. G., Carpenter, J. K., & Curtiss, J. (2016). Interpersonal emotion regulation questionnaire (IERQ): Scale development and psychometric characteristics. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(3), 341–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9756-2.
Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011). How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 537–559. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611419671.
Horn, J. L., & McArdle, J. J. (1992). A practical and theoretical guide to measurement equivalence in aging research. Experimental Aging Research, 18, 117–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610739208253916.
James, W. (1984). Psychology, Briefer Course (Vol. 14). Harvard University Press. https://www.amazon.com/Psychology-Briefer-Course-Works-William/dp/0674721020
John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2004). Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and life span development. Journal of Personality, 72(6), 1301–1334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00298.x.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg016.
Kashdan, T. B., & Rottenberg, J. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 865–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001.
Kattenstroth, M. (2009). The Relation Between Body-Self-Unity and Mindfulness: A Comparison of Currently Depressed Patients and Exercisers (bachelor thesis). Department of Psychology, University of Twente. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.555.7805&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Keyes, C. L. M. (1998). Social well-being. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61(2), 121–140. https://doi.org/10.2307/2787065.
Kline, B. R. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press https://www.guilford.com/books/Principles-and-Practice-of-Structural-Equation-Modeling/Rex-Kline/9781462523344.
Kratzer, L., Heinz, P., Pfitzer, F., Padberg, F., Jobst, A., & Schennach, R. (2017). Mindfulness and pathological dissociation fully mediate the association of childhood abuse and PTSD symptomatology. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 2(1), 5–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2017.06.004.
Levine, P. A. (2010). In an unspoken voice: How the body releases trauma and restores goodness. North Atlantic Books. https://www.northatlanticbooks.com/shop/in-an-unspoken-voice/
Levine, P. A. (2015). Trauma and memory: Brain and body in a search for the living past—A practical guide for understanding and working with traumatic memory. North Atlantic. https://www.northatlanticbooks.com/shop/trauma-and-memory/
Lobel, A., Granic, I., & Engels, R. C. (2014). Stressful gaming, interoceptive awareness, and emotion regulation tendencies: A novel approach. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 17, 222–227. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2013.0296.
Lovett, N., & Lovett, T. (2016). Wellbeing in education: Staff matter. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 6(2), 107–112. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijssh.2016.v6.628.
Malkoç, A., Gördesli, M. A., Arslan, R., Çekici, F., & Sünbül, Z. A. (2018). Interpersonal emotion regulation scale (IERS): Adaptation and psychometric properties in a Turkish sample. Ijate-Int Journal Assessment Tools Education, 5(4), 754–762 https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijate/issue/38884/481162.
Maltz, W. (2012). The sexual healing journey: A guide for survivors of sexual abuse (3rd ed.). New York: William Morrow https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/242410.The_Sexual_Healing_Journey.
Marroquín, B., Czamanski-Cohen, J., Weihs, K. L., & Stanton, A. L. (2016). Implicit loneliness, emotion regulation, and depressive symptoms in breast cancer survivors. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 39(5), 832–844. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-016-9751-9.
Marroquín, B., Tennen, H., & Stanton, A. L. (2017). Coping, emotion regulation, and well-being: Intrapersonal and interpersonal processes. In the Happy Mind: Cognitive Contributions to Well-Being (pp. 253–274). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58763-9_14.
Mehling, W. E. (2016). Differentiating attention styles and regulatory aspects of self-reported interoceptive sensibility. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 371: 20160013. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0013.
Mehling, W. E., Gopisetty, V., Daubenmier, J., Price, C. J., Hecht, F. M., & Stewart, A. (2009). Body awareness: Construct and self-report measures. PLoS One, 4(5), e5614. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005614.
Mehling, W. E., Wrubel, J., Dauvenmier, J. J., Price, J. C., Kerr, E. C., Silow, T., Gopisetty, V., & Stewart, L. A. (2011). Body awareness: A phenomenological inquiry into the common ground of mind-body therapies. Philosophy and Humanities in Medicine, 6(6), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-5341-6-6.
Nestler, S., Sierra, M., Jay, E.-L., & David, A. S. (2015). Mindfulness and body awareness in depersonalization disorder. Mindfulness, 6, 1282–1285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0392-9.
Neziroglu, F., & Donnelly, K. (2013). Dissociation from an acceptance-oriented standpoint. In F. Kennedy, H. Kennerley, & D. Pearson (Eds.), Cognitive behavioral approaches to understanding and treatment of dissociation (pp. 237–248). New York: Routledge https://www.amazon.com/Cognitive-Behavioural-Approaches-Understanding-Dissociation-ebook/dp/B00DJ4ZJCS.
Niven, K., Totterdell, P., & Holman, D. (2009). A classification of controlled interpersonal affect regulation strategies. Emotion, 9(4), 498–509. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015962.
Özyeşil, Z., Arslan, C., Kesici, Ş., & Deniz, E. M. (2011). Adaptation of the mindful attention awareness scale into Turkish. Education and Science, 36(160), 224–235 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4be4/e0b129b93b4a679b873975575e2a260fad46.pdf.
Porges, S. (2011). The Polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological Foundation of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. New York: W. W. Norton and Company https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3490536/.
Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2000). Developing mechanisms of self-regulation. Development and Psychopathology, 12(3), 427441–427441. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400003096.
Price, C. J., & Hooven, C. (2018). Interoceptive awareness skills for emotion regulation: Theory and approach of mindful awareness in body-oriented therapy (MABT). Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 798. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00798.
Price, J. C., & Thompson, E. A. (2007). Measuring dimensions of body connection: Body awareness and bodily dissociation. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 13(9), 945–953. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2007.0537.
Price, C. J., Thompson, E. A., & Cheng, S. C. (2017). Scale of body connection: A multi-sample construct validation study. PLoS One, 12(10), e0184757. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184757.
Puterman, E., DeLongis, A., & Pomaki, G. (2010). Protecting us from ourselves: Social support as a buffer of trait and state rumination. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(7), 797–820. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.7.797.
Rimé, B. (2009). Emotion elicits the social sharing of emotion: Theory and empirical review. Emotion Review, 1, 60–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073908097189.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and wellbeing. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.68.
Ryff, C. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069.
Schore, A. N. (2009). Relational trauma and the developing right brain: An interface of psychoanalytic self-psychology and neuroscience. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1159, 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04474.x.
Schueller, S. M., & Seligman, M. E. (2010). Pursuit of pleasure, engagement, and meaning: Relationships to subjective and objective measures of well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(4), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439761003794130.
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers https://www.amazon.com/Beginners-Guide-Structural-Equation-Modeling/dp/1841698911.
Seligman, M. E. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being (1st ed.). New York: Free Press. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2011.614831.
Sharma, T., Sinha, V. K., & Sayeed, N. (2016). Role of mindfulness in dissociative disorders among adolescents. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 58, 326–328. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.192013.
Sierra, M., Senior, C., Dalton, J., McDonough, M., Bond, A., Phillips, M. L., O’Dwyer, A. M., & David, A. S. (2002). Autonomic response in depersonalization disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 833–838. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.59.9.833.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2006). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. https://doi.org/10.5555/1213888.
Tamir, M., & Ford, B. Q. (2012). When feeling bad is expected to be good: Emotion regulation and outcome expectancies in social conflicts. Emotion, 12, 807–816. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024443.
Tihanyi, B. T., Boor, P., Emanuelsen, L., & Koteles, F. (2016a). Mediators between yoga practice and psychological well-being: Mindfulness, body awareness and satisfaction with body image. European Journal of Mental Health, 11, 112–127. https://doi.org/10.5708/ejmh.11.2016.1-2.7.
Tihanyi, B. T., Sági, A., Csala, B., Tolnai, N., & Köteles, F. (2016b). Body awareness, mindfulness and affect: Does the kind of physical activity make a difference? European Journal of Mental Health, 11(1–2), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.5708/ejmh.11.2016.1-2.6.
Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrica, 38, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291170.
Van der Kolk, B. (2014). The body keeps the Score: Mind, Brain and Body in the Transformation of Trauma. Penguin Books. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.29.14.32.s37.
Wallace, J. C., Butts, M. M., Johnson, P. D., Stevens, F. G., & Smith, M. B. (2016). A multilevel model of employee innovation: Understanding the effects of regulatory focus, thriving, and employee involvement climate. Journal of Management, 42(4), 982–1004. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313506462.
Williams, W. C., Morelli, S. A., Ong, D. C., & Zaki, J. (2018). Interpersonal emotion regulation: Implications for affiliation, perceived support, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(2), 224–254. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000132.
Zaki, J., & Williams, W. C. (2013). Interpersonal emotion regulation. Emotion, 13(5), 803–810. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033839.
Zerubavel, N., & Messman-Moore, T. L. (2015). Staying present: Incorporating mindfulness into therapy for dissociation. Mindfulness, 6, 303–314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0261-3.
Zgierska, A., Rabago, D., Chawla, N., Kushner, K., Koehler, R., & Marlatt, A. (2009). Mindfulness meditation for substance use disorders: A systematic review. Substance Abuse, 30(4), 266–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897070903250019.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Özcan, N.A., Sünbül, Z.A. Psychometric properties of a Turkish version of the body connection scale and exploring the mediating role of body connection in interpersonal emotion regulation, mindfulness and flourishing. Curr Psychol 39, 2040–2051 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00912-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00912-z