References
Addison, John T. and Clive R. Belfield. “Union Voice.” Journal of Labor Research 25 (Fall 2004): 563–96.
Aidt, Toke and Zafiris Tzannatos. Unions and Collective Bargaining: Economic Effects in a Global Environment. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2002.
Becker, Brian E. and Craig A. Olson. “Labor Relations and Firm Performance.” In M. Kleiner, R. Block, M. Roomkin, and S. Salsburg, eds. Human Resources and the Performance of the Firm. Madison, WI: Industrial Relations Research Association, 1987, pp. 43–86.
Belman, Dale. “Unions, the Quality of Labor Relations, and Firm Performance.” In Lawrence Mishel and Paula B. Voos, eds. Unions and Economic Competitiveness. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1992, pp.41–107.
Bennett, James T. and Bruce E. Kaufman. “What Do Unions Do?: A Twenty-Year Perspective.” Journal of Labor Research 25 (Summer 2004): 339–49.
Blanchflower, David G. and Alex Bryson. “What Effect Do Unions Have on Wages Now and Would Freeman and Medoff Be Surprised?” Journal of Labor Research 25 (Summer 2004): 383–414.
Blanchflower, David G. and Richard B. Freeman. “Unionism in the United States and Other Advanced OECD Countries.” In M. Bognanno and M. Kleiner, eds. Labor Institutions and the Future Role of Unions. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers, 1992, pp. 56–79.
Boxall, Peter, Richard Freeman, and Peter Haynes, eds. What Workers Say: Employee Voice in the AngloAmerican World. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006.
Brown, Charles and James Medoff. “Trade Unions in the Production Process.” Journal of Political Economy 86 (June 1978): 355–78.
Budd, John W. “Non-Wage Forms of Compensation.” Journal of Labor Research 25 (Fall 2004): 597–622.
—. “The Effect of Unions on Employee Benefits: Updated Employer Expenditures Results.” Journal of Labor Research 26 (Fall 2005): 669–76.
Calmfors, Lars and John Driffil. “Bargaining Structure, Corporatism and Macroeconomic Performance (Centralization of Wage Bargaining).” Economic Policy 6 (April 1988): 13–61.
Card, David. “The Effect of Unions on Wage Inequality in the U.S. Labor Market.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 54 (January 2001): 296–315.
—, Thomas Lemieux, and W. Craig Riddell. “Unions and Wage Inequality.” Journal of Labor Research 25 (Fall 2004): 519–62.
Clark, Kim B. “The Impact of Unionization on Productivity. A Case Study.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 33 (July 1981): 451–69.
—. “Unionization and Productivity: Micro-Econometric Evidence.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 95 (December 1980b): 613–39.
—. “Unionization and Firm Performance: The Impact on Profits, Growth, and Productivity.” American Economic Review 74 (December 1984): 893–919.
Coase, Ronald. “The Federal Communications Commission.” Journal of Law and Economics 2 (October 1959): 1–40.
DiNardo, John and David S. Lee. “Economic Impacts of New Unionization on Private Sector Employers: 1984–2001.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 119 (November 2004): 1383–441.
Doucouliagos, Chris and Patrice Laroche. “What Do Unions Do to Productivity? A Meta-Analysis.” Industrial Relations 42 (October 2003): 650–91.
Feldstein, Martin and Horioka, Charles. “Domestic Saving and International Capital Flows.” Economic Journal 90 (June 1980): 314–29.
Flanagan, Robert J. “Has Management Strangled U.S. Unions?” Journal of Labor Research 26 (Winter 2005): 33–63.
Freeman, Richard B. “Individual Mobility and Union Voice in the Labor Market.” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 66 (May 1976): 361–68.
—. “The Effect of Unionism on Worker Attachment to Firms.” Journal of Labor Research 1 (Spring 1980): 28–61.
-. “Unionism, Price-Cost Margins, and the Return to Capital.” Cambridge, MA: NBER Working Paper No. 1164 (July 1983).
—. “Unions, Pensions, and Union Pension Funds.” In David A. Wise, ed. Pensions, Labor and Individual Choice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press for NBER, 1985, pp. 89–121.
—. “The Effect of the Union Wage Differential on Management Opposition and Union Organizing Success.” American Economic Review 78 (May 1986): 92–96.
—. “Unionism Comes to the Public Sector.” Journal of Economic Literature 24 (March 1986): 41–86.
—. “Contraction and Expansion: The Divergence of Private Sector and Public Sector Unionism in the United States.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 2 (Spring 1988): 63–88.
—. “Is Declining Unionization of the U.S. Good, Bad, or Irrelevant?” In Lawrence Mishel and Paula B. Voos, eds. Unions and Economic Competitiveness. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1991, pp. 143–90.
—. “How Much Has De-unionization Contributed to the Rise in Male Earnings Inequality?” In Sheldon Danziger and Peter Gottschalk, eds. Uneven Tides: Rising Inequality in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1993, pp. 133–63.
-. “What Do Unions Do ... to Voting?” Cambridge, MA: NBER Working Paper # 9992 (September, 2003).
—. “The Road to Union Renascence in the U.S.” In Phanindra V. Wunnava, ed. The Changing Role of Unions: New Forms of Representation. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2004, pp. 3–21.
—. “Searching Outside the Box” In Julius Getman and Ray Marshall, eds. The Future of Labor Unions: Organized Labor in the 21st Century. Austin: University of Texas, LBJ School of Public Affairs, 2004, pp. 75–110.
-. “From the Webbs to the Web: The Contribution of the Internet to Reviving Union Fortunes.” Cambridge, MA: NBER Working Paper 11298 (May 2005a).
—. “Labour Market Institutions Without Blinders: The Debate Over Flexibility and Labour Market Performance.” International Economic Journal RIEJ 19 (June 2005b): 129–45.
— and Casey Ichniowski. When Public Sector Workers Unionize. Chicago: NBER and University of Chicago Press, 1988.
—, and Harrison Lauer. “Collective Bargaining Laws and Threat Effects of Unionism in Determination of Police Compensation.” Journal of Labor Economics 72 (April 1989): 191–209.
Freeman, Richard B. and Morris M. Kleiner. “Do Unions Make Enterprises Insolvent?” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 52 (July 1999): 510–27.
Freeman, Richard B. and Edward P. Lazear. “An Economic Analysis of Works Councils.” In Joel Rogers and Wolfgang Streech, eds. Works Councils: Consulation, Representation, and Cooperation in Industrial Relations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995, pp. 27–50.
Freeman, Richard B. and James Medoff. What Do Unions Do? New York: Basic Books, 1984.
Freeman, Richard B. and Joel Rogers. What Workers Want. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999.
-. “Open-Source Unionism: Beyond Exclusive Collective Bargaining.” Working Paper (Fall 2002).
-. “A Proposal to American Labor.” The Nation, June 24, 2002.
Freeman, Richard B. and Robert J. Valletta. “The Effects of Public Sector Labor Laws on Labor Market Institutions and Outcomes.” In Richard B. Freeman and Casey Ichniowski, eds. When Public Sector Workers Unionize. Chicago: NBER and University of Chicago Press, 1988, pp. 81–106.
Freeman, Richard B. and Martin L. Weitzman. “Bonuses and Employment in Japan.” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 1 (1987): 168–94.
Gunderson, Morley. “Two Faces of Union Voice in the Public Sector.” Journal of Labor Research 26 (Fall 2005): 395–435.
Hammer, Tove Heiland and Ariel Avgar. “The Impact of Unionism on Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Turnover.” Journal of Labor Research 26 (Spring 2005): 241–66.
Hirschman, Albert. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970.
Hirsch, Barry T. Labor Unions and the Economic Performance of U.S. Firms. Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1991.
—. “What Do Unions Do for Economic Performance?” Journal of Labor Research 25 (Summer 2004): 415–55.
—, David A. Macpherson, and Edward J. Schmumacher. “Measuring Union and Nonunion Wage Growth: Puzzles in Search of Solutions.” In Phanindra V. Wunnava, ed. The Changing Role of Unions: New Forms of Representation. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2004, pp. 115–47.
Kaufman, Bruce E. “What Unions Do: Insights from Economic Theory.” Journal of Labor Research 25 (Summer 2004): 351–82.
—. “Historical Insights: The Early Institutionalists on Trade Unionism and Labor Policy.” Journal of Labor Research 25 (Winter 2005a): 1–32.
—. “What Unions Do: Evaluation and Commentary.” Journal of Labor Research 26 (Fall 2005b): 555–95.
Kerr, Clark. Labor Markets and Wage Determination: The Balkanization of Labor Markets and Other Essays. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.
Kuhn, Peter J. “A New, Integrated Theory of Unions and Life Cycle Employment Contracts Microform: Voice, Malfeasance, and Welfare.” Harvard University PhD Dissertation, 1982.
Leontief, Wassily. “The Pure Theory of the Guaranteed Annual Wage Contract.” Journal of Political Economy 54 (February 1946): 76–79.
Lerner, Stephen. “Three Steps To Reorganizing and Rebuilding the Labor Movement,” December 2002, http://www.labornotes.Org/archives/2002/12/e.html.
Lewin, David. “Unionism and Employment Conflict Resolution: Rethinking Collective Voice and Its Consequences.” Journal of Labor Research 26 (Spring 2005): 209–39.
Lewis, H. Gregg. Union Relative Wage Effects: A Survey. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.
Lipset, Seymour Martin and Noah Meltz. The Paradox of American Unionism: Why Americans Like Unions More Than Canadians Do but Join Much Less. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004.
Masters, Marrick F. and John T. Delaney. “Organized Labor’s Political Scorecard.” Journal of Labor Research 26 (Summer 2005): 365–94.
McLennan, Kenneth. What Do Unions Do?-A Management Perspective.” Journal of Labor Research 26 (Fall 2005): 597–621.
Mitchell, Daniel J.B. and Christopher L. Erickson. “De-Unionization and Macro-Performance: What Freeman and Medoff Didn’t Do.” Journal of Labor Research 26 (Spring 2005): 183–208.
Olson, Mancur. How Bright are the Northern Lights? Some Questions About Sweden. Lund: Lund University Press, 1990.
Pencavel, John. “Unionism Viewed Internationally.” Journal of Labor Research 26 (Winter 2005): 65–97.
Ross, Arthur M. “Do We Have a New Industrial Feudalism?” American Economic Review 48 (December 1958): 903–20.
Slichter, Sumner H. Union Policies and Industrial Management. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1941.
—, James J. Healey, and E. Robert Livernash. The Impact of Collective Bargaining on Management. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1960.
Verma, Anil. “What Do Unions Do to the Workplace? Union Effects on Management and HRM Policies.” Journal of Labor Research 26 (Summer 2005): 417–51.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
I thank Bruce Kaufman and James Bennett for organizing the 20-year perspective and the Journal of Labor Research for supporting the Symposium. I owe much to John T. Dunlop and H. Gregg Lewis, who were my mentors in studying trade unionism, and to Martin Kessler, who was editor-extraordinaire in develop-ing the book. This paper is dedicated to Martin, who was an incredible editor, a first-rate intellectual, and a wonderful person.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Freeman, R.B. What do unions do?—The 2004 M-brane stringtwister edition. J Labor Res 26, 641–668 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-005-1003-7
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-005-1003-7