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Microglial Polarization and Inflammatory Mediators After Intracerebral Hemorrhage

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Abstract

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of stroke with high mortality and morbidity. When a diseased artery within the brain bursts, expansion and absorption of the resulting hematoma trigger a series of reactions that cause primary and secondary brain injury. Microglia are extremely important for removing the hematoma and clearing debris, but they are also a source of ongoing inflammation. This article discusses the role of microglial activation/polarization and related inflammatory mediators, such as Toll-like receptor 4, matrix metalloproteinases, high-mobility group protein box-1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, heme oxygenase, and iron, in secondary injury after ICH and highlights the potential targets for ICH treatment.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China 81200885, Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Science-Research Foundation LBH-Q13120, the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China LC2013C30, the Foundation of the First Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University 2012LX004, an American Heart Association grant 13GRNT15730001, and the National Institutes of Health (R01NS078026, R01AT007317). We thank Claire Levine for assistance with this manuscript.

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    1. Department of Pathology, First Clinical Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China

      Zhen Zhang & He Wu

    2. Department of Urology, First Clinical Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China

      Ze Zhang

    3. Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China

      Hong Lu

    4. Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China

      Qingwu Yang

    5. Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

      Jian Wang

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    Correspondence to He Wu.

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    Zhen Zhang and Ze Zhang contributed equally to this work.

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    Zhang, Z., Zhang, Z., Lu, H. et al. Microglial Polarization and Inflammatory Mediators After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Mol Neurobiol 54, 1874–1886 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-016-9785-6

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