Abstract
In traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) patients, the assessment of the exact degree of lesion severity and neurological prognosis has proven to be extremely challenging. The current tools for predicting functional outcome in SCI patients such as clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging are often inaccessible to unstable or polytraumatized patients, lack sensitivity, and are unreliable in the acute phase of the injury. Multiple candidate protein biomarkers known to be linked to the pathology have been studied for their potential to predict neurological outcome over time. This hypothesis-driven approach, however, has yielded only minimal success, and the reported individual markers lack sensitivity and correlation with specific outcome measures, which highlights the need for an unbiased high-throughput screening approach to identify novel candidate biomarkers. Antibodies were suggested to represent better biomarkers as their counterpart antigens, as they are highly specific and abundantly present in blood due to their inherent amplification and long half-life. Moreover, antibodies are easily accessible and are amenable to high-throughput screening. We therefore suggest an unbiased, high-throughput, and powerful antibody profiling procedure, named Serological antigen selection, based on complementary DNA (cDNA) phage display to combine the multiple benefits of stable and frequent antibodies and those of an unbiased method. The application of such an innovative and unbiased approach can complement the more traditional approaches to aid in the discovery of novel SCI-associated biomarkers.
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Abbreviations
- APO:
-
Apolipoprotein
- AIS:
-
ASIA impairment scale
- ASIA:
-
American spinal injury association
- AZGP1:
-
Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein
- CAR:
-
Carbonic anhydrase
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- CSF:
-
Cerebrospinal fluid
- CXCL:
-
C-X-C motif chemokine ligand
- GFAP:
-
Glial fibrilar acidic protein
- GTF3C5:
-
General transcription factor 3C polypeptide 5
- Hp:
-
Haptoglobin
- hSC:
-
Human spinal cord
- IGHG:
-
Ig gamma chain C region
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- LTC4:
-
Leukotriene C4
- MBP:
-
Myelin basic protein
- MCP-1:
-
Monocyte chemoattractant protein
- MMP:
-
Matrix metalloproteinase
- MRI:
-
Magnetic resonance imaging
- NF-L:
-
Neurofilament light
- NSE:
-
Neuron-specific enolase
- pNF-H:
-
Phosphoneurofilament heavy
- PRDX2:
-
Peroxiredoxin-2
- S100B:
-
S100 protein B
- SAS:
-
Serological antigen selection
- SBDP:
-
α-II spectrin breakdown product
- SC:
-
Spinal cord
- SCI:
-
Spinal cord injury
- SDF-1:
-
Stomal-derived factor-1
- TBI:
-
Traumatic brain injury
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor
- UCH-L1:
-
Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1
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Acknowledgments
This study is supported by Research Foundation Flanders (FWO Vlaanderen), Hasselt University, and the Transnationale Universiteit Limburg. I. Palmers is supported by a doctoral fellowship of the Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology (IWT).
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Elke Ydens and Ilse Palmers contributed equally to this work.
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Ydens, E., Palmers, I., Hendrix, S. et al. The Next Generation of Biomarker Research in Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 54, 1482–1499 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-016-9757-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-016-9757-x