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Association of Mustard Oil as Cooking Media with Carcinoma of the Gallbladder

  • Original Research
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Abstract

Purpose

Carcinoma of the gallbladder (CaGB) is a common health problem in Northern India. Exact causative factors are still obscure. Dietary habits are also known to be a major factor in the gallbladder carcinogenesis. Mustard oil is mostly used as cooking media, which is adulterated by sanguinarine, diethylnitrosamine and repeated frying. We tried to find out the association of mustard oil as cooking media with CaGB.

Methods

Twenty patients each of CaGB (group I) and cholelithiasis (group II) were included in the study. Sanguinarine and diethylnitrosamine (DEN) were extracted from the tissue and blood samples from both groups. Mean and standard error of mean of the concentration of the sanguinarine and DEN were calculated. Mann–Whitney U test was applied to test the level of significance between the two groups.

Results

The mean concentration of tissue sanguinarine in both groups (I and II) was 195.18 ng/mg and 24.05 ng/mg, respectively, and the difference was statistically highly significant (p < 0.001). The estimated concentration of blood sanguinarine was 230.96 ng/mL and 14.0 ng/mL in group I and II, respectively, and the difference was statistically highly significant (p < 0.001). The concentration of DEN in the tissue sample was 38.08 ng/mg in CaGB and 2.51 ng/mg in cholelithiasis patient, and these values were statistically highly significant (p < 0.001). Similarly, blood DEN concentration was 119.05 ng/mL and 4.22 ng/mL in group I and II, respectively, and the difference was statistically highly significant (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

There is an increase in concentration of sanguinarine and diethylnitrosamine in CaGB blood and tissue in comparison to the cholelithiasis group suggesting an association with carcinoma of the gallbladder.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Funding

Departmental Research Grant

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of General Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India

    Ruhi Dixit, Piyush Srivastava, Somprakas Basu & Vijay Kumar Shukla

  2. School of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India

    Pradeep Srivastava

  3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India

    Pradeep Kumar Mishra

Authors
  1. Ruhi Dixit
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  2. Piyush Srivastava
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  3. Somprakas Basu
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  4. Pradeep Srivastava
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  5. Pradeep Kumar Mishra
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  6. Vijay Kumar Shukla
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Correspondence to Vijay Kumar Shukla.

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Dixit, R., Srivastava, P., Basu, S. et al. Association of Mustard Oil as Cooking Media with Carcinoma of the Gallbladder. J Gastrointest Canc 44, 177–181 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12029-012-9458-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12029-012-9458-2

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