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Mineral Factors Controlling Essential Hypertension—a Study in the Chandigarh, India Population

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Abstract

Essential hypertension (EH) is a major public health problem world over and in India. Recent data on EH in the population of Chandigarh (Union Territory and capital of Punjab and Haryana States of India) revealed that the prevalence of EH has become double in the last 30 years in the residents of Chandigarh (26.9 to 45.80% in the year 1968 and 2002). Zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn) in the serum are considered important in maintaining the human hypertension. The high Zn intake was considered to increase the blood pressure (BP) and to affect the other mineral status in the body. Recent survey on the trace metal status of different vegetables in the State of Punjab around Chandigarh (India) revealed that Zn level is significantly higher (40 mg/kg or more in above ground vegetables and 120 mg/kg or above in underground vegetables) in underground water-irrigated vegetables, but the levels of Cu and Mg are within prescribed limit. The present study was conducted on Chandigarh population to evaluate the levels of Zn, Cu, Mg, and Mn in the blood and urine of normotensive (NT) control and hypertensive (HT) subjects matched with number, age and sex. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer studies revaluated that the levels of serum Zn, Mg, and Mn were significantly higher (p < 0.001), but the level of Cu was low in the HT subjects (BP = 160/93) compared to NT control (BP = 140/83). Higher levels of urinary Zn, Cu, Mg, and Mn were observed in the HT subject vs NT control (p < 0.001). Positive correlations were evaluated between the levels of serum Zn, Mg, and Mn vs systolic and diastolic pressures (DP and SP), respectively (r = 0.928, 0.863, 0.876, 0.808, 0.404, 0.326, p < 0.01), but negative and positive nonsignificant correlations between the serum Cu with SP and DP were recorded (r = −0.032, r = 0.024). Positive correlations were also evaluated between urinary levels of Zn, Cu, Mg, and Mn vs SP and DP (r = 0.718, 0.657, 0.750, 0.681, 0.630, 0.578, 0.516, 0.461, p < 0.01). Prevalence of essential hypertension may be due to higher Zn level in the food chain that makes the individuals vulnerable to other diseases over the time related to essential hypertension.

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Acknowledgements

Thanks are due to Prof. T. Gill for the laboratory facilities. The financial assistance of Panjab University, Chandigarh, to R. Mandal is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are also due to Dr. H.C. Gupta and Mr. K.L. Kapur (Tarun Clinic, Sector-46C, Chandigarh) for providing the samples and the Department of Internal Medicine and Community Medicine, Post graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGI), Chandigarh, India (2007), for their recent finding on essential hypertension on the Chandigarh population.

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  1. Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India

    Satish Kumar Taneja & Reshu Mandal

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Taneja, S.K., Mandal, R. Mineral Factors Controlling Essential Hypertension—a Study in the Chandigarh, India Population. Biol Trace Elem Res 120, 61–73 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-007-8013-7

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