Abstract
Purpose of Review
Many cell therapy products are beginning to reach the commercial finish line and a rapidly escalating pipeline of products are in clinical development. The need to develop manufacturing capability that will support a successful commercial business model has become a top priority as many cell therapy developers look to secure long-term visions to enable both funding and treatment success.
Recent Findings
Manufacturing automation is both highly compelling and very challenging at the same time as a key tactic to address quality, cost of goods, scale, and sustainability that are fundamental drivers for commercially viable manufacturing.
Summary
This paper presents an overview and strategic drivers for application of automation to cell therapy manufacturing. It also explores unique automation considerations for patient-specific cell therapy (PSCT) where each full-scale lot is for one patient vs off-the-shelf cell therapy (OTSCT) where a full-scale lot will treat many patients, and finally some practical considerations for implementing automation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance
Seimetz D, Heller K, Richter J. Approval of first CAR-Ts: have we solved all hurdles for ATMPs? Cell Med. 2019;11:2155179018822781. Published 2019 Jan 22. https://doi.org/10.1177/2155179018822781.
• Yano K, Watanabe N, Tsuyuki K, Ikawa T, Kasanuki H, Yamato M. Regulatory approval for autologous human cells and tissue products in the United States, the European Union, and Japan. Regen Ther. 2015;1:45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reth.2014.10.001 ISSN 2352-3204, This paper reviews the various routes for approval in the 3 core regions in which cell therapies are operating.
•• Varley M, Brady M To scale-up or scale-out? The challenge of commercialising cell therapies | CDP Blog. Date Accessed: 2019-04-15 URLS www.cambridge-design.com/news-and-articles/blog/commercialising-cell-therapies. Findings from this study state the difference between scaling patient-specific cell therapies and off-the-shelf cell therapies.
Cell processing - GE Healthcare Life Sciences Date Accessed: 2019-04-15 URLS www.gelifesciences.com/en/us/solutions/cell-therapy/products-and-tec
CliniMACS Prodigy® - CliniMACS Prodigy instrument - CliniMACS Prodigy - cell manufacturing platform - products - Miltenyi Biotec date accessed: 2019-04-15 URLS www.miltenyibiotec.com/US-en/products/cell-manufacturing-platform/clinimacs-prodigy/clinimacs-prodigy-instrument/clinimacs-prodigy-r.ht
• Rafiq QA, et al. Developing an automated robotic factory for novel stem cell therapy production. Regen Med. 2016;11:351–4 This paper identifies how robotic automation can help develop human mesenchymal stem cells through a scaled up process for allogenic therapies.
•• Harris IR, Meacle F, Powers D. Automation in cell therapy manufacturing: BioProcess International, 14(4), pp.S18-21. April Supplement, Cell Therapies, Facility Design/Engineering; 2016. This study suggests that, as the industry matures, automation will play a vital role in ensuring drugs become affordable.
Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control (CMC) information for human gene therapy investigational new drug applications (INDs), Docket 2008-D-0205, 2018.
Kielpinski G, Prinzi S, Duguid J, du Moulin G. Roadmap to approval: use of an automated sterility test method as a lot release test for Carticel, autologous cultured chondrocytes. Cytotherapy. 2005;7(6):531–41.
Gunetti M, et al. Validation of analytical methods in GMP: the disposable Fast Read 102® device, an alternative practical approach for cell counting. J Transl Med. 2012;10:112. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-10-112.
Csaszar E, Kirouac DC, Yu M, Wang W, Qiao W, Cooke MP, et al. Rapid expansion of human hematopoietic stem cells by automated control of inhibitory feedback signaling. Cell Stem Cell. 2012;10:218–29.
•• YY L, et al. A roadmap for cost-of-goods planning to guide economic production of cell therapy products. Cytotherapy. 2017;19(12):1383–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.06.009 This study takes readers’ survey results to highlight where the highest cost burden is to manufacture a cell therapy product.
Holm P, Allesø M, Bryder M, Holm R Q8(R2) ICH Quality Guidelines; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 2017;20:535-577 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118971147.ch20.
Elder D, Teasdale A ICH Q9 Quality Risk Management ICH Quality Guidelines John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 2017 21:579-610 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118971147.ch21
GAMP 5 : a risk-based approach to compliant GxP computerized systems International Society of Pharmaceutical Engineers. Publisher: International Society of Pharmaceutical Engineers 2008 pp: 352 ISBN 1931879613.
Hümmer C, Poppe C, Bunos M, Stock B, Wingenfeld E, Huppert V, et al. Automation of cellular therapy product manufacturing: results of a split validation comparing CD34 selection of peripheral blood stem cell apheresis product with a semi-manual vs. an automatic procedure. J Transl Med. 2016;14:76.
Argos Therapeutics to discuss automated manufacturing process for its Arcelis™ personalized immunotherapy platform Date Accessed: 2019-04-15 URLS: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20080811005164/en/Argos-Therapeutics-Discuss-Automated-Manufacturing-Process-Arcelis.
Jeong-yeo Lim, Korean bio firms acquire US biotech firm Argos Therapeutics date accessed: 2019-05-19 URLS: www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190213000667
Eaker S, Abraham E, Allickson J, Brieva TA, Baksh D, Heathman TRJ, et al. Bioreactors for cell therapies: current status and future advances. Cytotherapy. 2017;19:9–18.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
All authors are employees of Hitachi Chemical Advanced Therapeutic Solutions.
David Smith, Thomas R.J. Heathman, Alex Klarer, Courtney LeBlon, Yasuhiko Tada, and Brian Hampson declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent
This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This article is part of the Topical Collection on CART and Immunotherapy
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Smith, D., Heathman, T.R.J., Klarer, A. et al. Towards Automated Manufacturing for Cell Therapies. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 14, 278–285 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11899-019-00522-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11899-019-00522-y