Abstract
Purpose of review
Elderly patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are increasing in prevalence as our population ages and the incidence of IBD increases. The purpose of this review is to describe the management challenges in elderly IBD patients, including comorbid conditions and therapeutic considerations unique to the elderly population.
Recent findings
The elderly experience coexisting comorbidities that complicate IBD management. The disease course and potential side effects of treatments can impact the elderly IBD patient differently than younger IBD patients. The duration for colorectal cancer surveillance (CRC) also remains controversial and should be individualized to determine when discontinuation is appropriate.
Summary
Given greater safety considerations in the elderly IBD population, treatment targets and management goals require a more personalized approach in the elderly, taking into account coexisting comorbidities, inflammatory burden, and functional limitations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance
Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, Ghali WA, Ferris M, Chernoff G, et al. Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(1):46–54.e42 quiz e30.
Gower-Rousseau C, Vasseur F, Fumery M, Savoye G, Salleron J, Dauchet L, et al. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases: new insights from a French population-based registry (EPIMAD). Dig Liver Dis : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver. 2013;45(2):89–94.
Lakatos PL, David G, Pandur T, Erdelyi Z, Mester G, Balogh M, et al. IBD in the elderly population: results from a population-based study in Western Hungary, 1977-2008. J Crohns Colitis. 2011;5(1):5–13.
Kaplan GG, Ng SC. Globalisation of inflammatory bowel disease: perspectives from the evolution of inflammatory bowel disease in the UK and China. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;1(4):307–16.
Kaplan GG. The global burden of IBD: from 2015 to 2025. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;12(12):720–7.
He W, Goodkind D, Kowal P. An aging world: 2015. Census Bureau; 2016.
•• Charpentier C, Salleron J, Savoye G, Fumery M, Merle V, Laberenne JE, et al. Natural history of elderly-onset inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study. Gut. 2014;63(3):423–32 French cohort study suggesting milder disease presentation in elderly-onset IBD.
•• Coward S, Clement F, Benchimol EI, Bernstein CN, Avina-Zubieta JA, Bitton A, et al. Past and future burden of inflammatory bowel diseases based on modeling of population-based data. Gastroenterology. 2019. Canadian cohort study projecting growing prevalence of IBD, in particular the elderly.
Gupta N, Bostrom AG, Kirschner BS, Ferry GD, Winter HS, Baldassano RN, et al. Gender differences in presentation and course of disease in pediatric patients with Crohn disease. Pediatrics. 2007;120(6):e1418–25.
Ruel J, Ruane D, Mehandru S, Gower-Rousseau C, Colombel J-F. IBD across the age spectrum—is it the same disease? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:88.
Shepherd NA. Pathological mimics of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Pathol. 1991;44(9):726–33.
Foxworthy DM, Wilson JA. Crohn’s disease in the elderly. Prolonged delay in diagnosis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1985;33(7):492–5.
•• Ananthakrishnan AN, Shi HY, Tang W, Law CC, Sung JJ, Chan FK, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: phenotype and clinical outcomes of older-onset inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2016;10(10):1224–36 Interesting systematic review suggesting milder disease in elderly IBD but similar to higher rates of surgery than non-elderly patients.
Everhov AH, Halfvarson J, Myrelid P, Sachs MC, Nordenvall C, Soderling J, et al. Incidence and treatment of patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel diseases at 60 years or older in Sweden. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(3):518–28.e15.
•• Kariyawasam VC, Kim S, Mourad FH, Selinger CP, Katelaris PH, Brian Jones D, et al. Comorbidities rather than age are associated with the use of immunomodulators in elderly-onset inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018. Interesting retrospective cohort study suggesting comorbidities rather than age at diagnosis drive immunomodulator (IM) introduction with early IM use associated with decreased surgery in CD.
Scaldaferri F, Pizzoferrato M, Lopetuso LR, Musca T, Ingravalle F, Sicignano LL, et al. Nutrition and IBD: malnutrition and/or sarcopenia? A practical guide. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2017;2017:8646495.
Huffman GB. Evaluating and treating unintentional weight loss in the elderly. Am Fam Physician. 2002;65(4):640–50.
Evans C. Malnutrition in the elderly: a multifactorial failure to thrive. Perm J. 2005;9(3):38–41.
•• Juneja M, Baidoo L, Schwartz MB, Barrie A 3rd, Regueiro M, Dunn M, et al. Geriatric inflammatory bowel disease: phenotypic presentation, treatment patterns, nutritional status, outcomes, and comorbidity. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57(9):2408–15 Retrospective study in 20 hospital system giving broad characteristics of phenotypic presentation, drug utilization and outcomes in elderly cohort.
Khan N, Vallarino C, Lissoos T, Darr U, Luo M. Risk of malignancy in a nationwide cohort of elderly inflammatory bowel disease patients. Drugs Aging. 2017;34(11):859–68.
Lichtenstein GR, Feagan BG, Cohen RD, Salzberg BA, Diamond RH, Langholff W, et al. Drug therapies and the risk of malignancy in Crohn’s disease: results from the TREAT Registry. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(2):212–23.
Wells PS, Holbrook AM, Crowther NR, Hirsh J. Interactions of warfarin with drugs and food. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121(9):676–83.
Teefy AM, Martin JE, Kovacs MJ. Warfarin resistance due to sulfasalazine. Ann Pharmacother. 2000;34(11):1265–8.
Osterman MT, Sandborn WJ, Colombel JF, Robinson AM, Lau W, Huang B, et al. Increased risk of malignancy with adalimumab combination therapy, compared with monotherapy, for Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(4):941–9.
Khan N, Vallarino C, Lissoos T, Darr U, Luo M. Risk of infection and types of infection among elderly patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective database analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2019.
Toruner M, Loftus EV Jr, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Orenstein R, Sandborn WJ, et al. Risk factors for opportunistic infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(4):929–36.
Govani SM, Wiitala WL, Stidham RW, Saini SD, Hou JK, Feagins LA, et al. Age disparities in the use of steroid-sparing therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22(8):1923–8.
Katz S, Feldstein R. Inflammatory bowel disease of the elderly: a wake-up call. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;4(5):337–47.
Nyboe Andersen N, Pasternak B, Basit S, Andersson M, Svanstrom H, Caspersen S, et al. Association between tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists and risk of cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Jama. 2014;311(23):2406–13.
Katz S, Pardi DS. Inflammatory bowel disease of the elderly: frequently asked questions (FAQs). Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(11):1889–97.
•• Bollegala N, Jackson TD, Nguyen GC. Increased postoperative mortality and complications among elderly patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: an analysis of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Cohort. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(9):1274–81 Large study using National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data to show higher rates of postoperative mortality and complications in elderly than non-elderly IBD patients.
Colombo F, Sahami S, de Buck Van Overstraeten A, Tulchinsky H, Mege D, Dotan I, et al. Restorative proctocolectomy in elderly IBD patients: a multicentre comparative study on safety and efficacy. J Crohns Colitis. 2017;11(6):671–9.
Shung DL, Abraham B, Sellin J, Hou JK. Medical and surgical complications of inflammatory bowel disease in the elderly: a systematic review. Dig Dis Sci. 2015;60(5):1132–40.
Longo WE, Virgo KS, Bahadursingh AN, Johnson FE. Patterns of disease and surgical treatment among United States veterans more than 50 years of age with ulcerative colitis. Am J Surg. 2003;186(5):514–8.
Ditah I, Devaki P, Luma HN, Ditah C, Njei B, Jaiyeoba C, et al. Prevalence, trends, and risk factors for fecal incontinence in United States adults, 2005-2010. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(4):636–43.e1-2.
Delaney CP, Dadvand B, Remzi FH, Church JM, Fazio VW. Functional outcome, quality of life, and complications after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in selected septuagenarians. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45(7):890–4.
Parian A, Ha CY. Older age and steroid use are associated with increasing polypharmacy and potential medication interactions among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21(6):1392–400.
Hou JK, Feagins LA, Waljee AK. Characteristics and behavior of elderly-onset inflammatory bowel disease: a multi-center US study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22(9):2200–5.
Rubin DT, Ananthakrishnan AN, Siegel CA, Sauer BG, Long MD. ACG clinical guideline: ulcerative colitis in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114(3):384–413.
Lichtenstein GR, Loftus EV, Isaacs KL, Regueiro MD, Gerson LB, Sands BE. ACG clinical guideline: management of Crohn’s disease in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113(4):481–517.
Limdi JK. Aminosalicylates and elderly-onset colonic Crohn’s disease-more than meets the eye? J Crohns Colitis. 2017;11(8):1022.
Gisbert JP, Gomollon F, Mate J, Pajares JM. Role of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. Dig Dis Sci. 2002;47(3):471–88.
Lin W-C, Chen M-J, Chu C-H, Wang T-E, Wang H-Y, Chang C-W. Ulcerative colitis in elderly people: an emerging issue. International Journal of Gerontology 2018.
Kane SV, Cohen RD, Aikens JE, Hanauer SB. Prevalence of nonadherence with maintenance mesalamine in quiescent ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(10):2929–33.
Lukert BP, Raisz LG. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathogenesis and management. Ann Intern Med. 1990;112(5):352–64.
Auphan N, DiDonato JA, Rosette C, Helmberg A, Karin M. Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: inhibition of NF-kappa B activity through induction of I kappa B synthesis. Science (New York, NY). 1995;270(5234):286–90.
Lewis JD, Gelfand JM, Troxel AB, Forde KA, Newcomb C, Kim H, et al. Immunosuppressant medications and mortality in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(6):1428–35 quiz 36.
Tornatore KM, Logue G, Venuto RC, Davis PJ. Cortisol pharmacodynamics after methylprednisolone administration in young and elderly males. J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;37(4):304–11.
Johnson SL, Bartels CM, Palta M, Thorpe CT, Weiss JM, Smith MA. Biological and steroid use in relationship to quality measures in older patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a US Medicare cohort study. BMJ Open. 2015;5(9):e008597.
Sturm A, Maaser C, Mendall M, Karagiannis D, Karatzas P, Ipenburg N, et al. European Crohn’s and colitis organisation topical review on IBD in the elderly. Journal of Crohn’s & colitis. 2017;11(3):263–73.
Black AJ, McLeod HL, Capell HA, Powrie RH, Matowe LK, Pritchard SC, et al. Thiopurine methyltransferase genotype predicts therapy-limiting severe toxicity from azathioprine. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129(9):716–8.
Kandiel A, Fraser AG, Korelitz BI, Brensinger C, Lewis JD. Increased risk of lymphoma among inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. Gut. 2005;54(8):1121–5.
Beaugerie L, Brousse N, Bouvier AM, Colombel JF, Lemann M, Cosnes J, et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders in patients receiving thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet (London, England). 2009;374(9701):1617–25.
Abbas AM, Almukhtar RM, Loftus EV Jr, Lichtenstein GR, Khan N. Risk of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer in ulcerative colitis patients treated with thiopurines: a nationwide retrospective cohort. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(11):1781–93.
Peyrin-Biroulet L, Khosrotehrani K, Carrat F, Bouvier AM, Chevaux JB, Simon T, et al. Increased risk for nonmelanoma skin cancers in patients who receive thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2011;141(5):1621–28.e1–5.
Kennedy NA, Kalla R, Warner B, Gambles CJ, Musy R, Reynolds S, et al. Thiopurine withdrawal during sustained clinical remission in inflammatory bowel disease: relapse and recapture rates, with predictive factors in 237 patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;40(11–12):1313–23.
Kornbluth A, Sachar DB. Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults: American College Of Gastroenterology. Practice Parameters Committee Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(3):501–23 quiz 24.
Lobaton T, Ferrante M, Rutgeerts P, Ballet V, Van Assche G, Vermeire S. Efficacy and safety of anti-TNF therapy in elderly patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;42(4):441–51.
Cottone M, Kohn A, Daperno M, Armuzzi A, Guidi L, D'Inca R, et al. Advanced age is an independent risk factor for severe infections and mortality in patients given anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2011;9(1):30–5.
Desai A, Zator ZA, de Silva P, Nguyen DD, Korzenik J, Yajnik V, et al. Older age is associated with higher rate of discontinuation of anti-TNF therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(2):309–15.
•• Borren NZ, Ananthakrishnan AN. Safety of biologic therapy in older patients with immune-mediated diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2019. Systematic review suggesting elderly patients using biologic therapy at higher risk for infection than younger patients using biologics or elderly patients not using biologic therapy.
Lichtenstein GR, Feagan BG, Cohen RD, Salzberg BA, Diamond RH, Price S, et al. Serious infection and mortality in patients with Crohn's disease: more than 5 years of follow-up in the TREAT registry. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(9):1409–22.
Sinagra E, Perricone G, Romano C, Cottone M. Heart failure and anti tumor necrosis factor-alpha in systemic chronic inflammatory diseases. European journal of internal medicine. 2013;24(5):385–92.
Feagan BG, Rutgeerts P, Sands BE, Hanauer S, Colombel J-F, Sandborn WJ, et al. Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis 2013;369(8):699–710.
Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Rutgeerts P, Hanauer S, Colombel J-F, Sands BE, et al. Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn’s disease 2013;369(8):711–21.
Yajnik V, Khan N, Dubinsky M, Axler J, James A, Abhyankar B, et al. Efficacy and safety of vedolizumab in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease patients stratified by age. Adv Ther. 2017;34(2):542–59.
Colombel JF, Sands BE, Rutgeerts P, Sandborn W, Danese S, D’Haens G, et al. The safety of vedolizumab for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Gut. 2017;66(5):839–51.
Adar T, Faleck D, Sasidharan S, Cushing K, Borren NZ, Nalagatla N, et al. Comparative safety and effectiveness of tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists and vedolizumab in elderly IBD patients: a multicentre study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;49:873–9.
Papp KA, Strober B, Augustin M, Calabro S, Londhe A, Chevrier M. PSOLAR: design, utility, and preliminary results of a prospective, international, disease-based registry of patients with psoriasis who are receiving, or are candidates for, conventional systemic treatments or biologic agents. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(10):1210–7.
Kalb RE, Fiorentino DF, Lebwohl MG, Toole J, Poulin Y, Cohen AD, et al. Risk of serious infection with biologic and systemic treatment of psoriasis: results from the Psoriasis Longitudinal Assessment and Registry (PSOLAR). JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151(9):961–9.
Papp K, Gottlieb AB, Naldi L, Pariser D, Ho V, Goyal K, et al. Safety surveillance for ustekinumab and other Psoriasis Treatments From the Psoriasis Longitudinal Assessment and Registry (PSOLAR). Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD. 2015;14(7):706–14.
•• Click B, Regueiro M. A practical guide to the safety and monitoring of new IBD therapies. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018. Nice review on safety and therapeutic monitoring of new IBD medications.
Sandborn WJ, Su C, Sands BE, D’Haens GR, Vermeire S, Schreiber S, et al. Tofacitinib as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(18):1723–36.
Panes J, Bressler B, Colombel JF, Lawendy N, Maller ES, Zhang H, et al. 905 - Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib retreatment for ulcerative colitis after treatment interruption: results from the Octave clinical trials. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(6):S–178.
Colombel J-F. Herpes zoster in patients receiving JAK inhibitors for ulcerative colitis: mechanism, epidemiology, management, and prevention. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018;24(10):2173–82.
Charles-Schoeman C, Wicker P, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Boy M, Zuckerman A, Soma K, et al. Cardiovascular safety findings in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2016;46(3):261–71.
Kume K, Amano K, Yamada S, Kanazawa T, Ohta H, Hatta K, et al. Tofacitinib improves atherosclerosis despite up-regulating serum cholesterol in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a cohort study. Rheumatol Int. 2017;37(12):2079–85.
Voelker R. Higher dose of tofacitinib for rheumatoid arthritis poses risks. News from the Food and Drug Administration. Jama. 2019;321(13):1245-.
Huguet JM, Suarez P, Ferrer-Barcelo L, Ruiz L, Monzo A, Dura AB, et al. Endoscopic recommendations for colorectal cancer screening and surveillance in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: review of general recommendations. World journal of gastrointestinal endoscopy. 2017;9(6):255–62.
Wang YR, Cangemi JR, Loftus EV Jr, Picco MF. Rate of early/missed colorectal cancers after colonoscopy in older patients with or without inflammatory bowel disease in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(3):444–9.
Eaden JA, Abrams KR, Mayberry JF. The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gut. 2001;48(4):526–35.
Baars JE, Kuipers EJ, van Haastert M, Nicolai JJ, Poen AC, van der Woude CJ. Age at diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease influences early development of colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a nationwide, long-term survey. J Gastroenterol. 2012;47(12):1308–22.
• Cheddani H, Dauchet L, Fumery M, Charpentier C, Marie Bouvier A, Dupas JL, et al. Cancer in elderly onset inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(10):1428–36 French population-based cohort study suggesting no increased risk of intestinal cancers in elderly-onset IBD.
Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Davidson KW, Epling JW Jr, Garcia FAR, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. Jama. 2016;315(23):2564–75.
Tran AH, Man Ngor EW, Wu BU. Surveillance colonoscopy in elderly patients: a retrospective cohort study. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(10):1675–82.
Wilt TJ, Harris RP, Qaseem A. Screening for cancer: advice for high-value care from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(10):718–25.
•• Ten Hove JR, Shah SC, Shaffer SR, Bernstein CN, Castaneda D, Palmela C, et al. Consecutive negative findings on colonoscopy during surveillance predict a low risk of advanced neoplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease with long-standing colitis: results of a 15-year multicentre, multinational cohort study. Gut. 2019;68(4):615–22 Large surveillance cohort study suggesting longer CRC surveillance intervals may be considered in patients with two consecutive negative colonoscopies.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
Jenny Sauk reports personal fees from Corrona LLC, Abbvie, and non-financial support from Prometheus, outside the submitted work. Vivy Tran and Berkeley Limketkai declare no conflict of interest.
Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent
This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.
Disclosures
Our study was not sponsored, and we have no conflicts of interest or disclosures to report.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Gastroenterology in Geriatric Patients
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tran, V., Limketkai, B.N. & Sauk, J.S. IBD in the Elderly: Management Challenges and Therapeutic Considerations. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 21, 60 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-019-0720-7
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-019-0720-7