Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Substance Use Disorders among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: a Dangerous but Understudied Combination

  • Psychosocial Aspects (S Jaser, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Diabetes Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of review

This paper reviews research on substance use and disorders (SUDs) among adults with diabetes. It describes epidemiological data on SUDs in persons with type 2 diabetes, overviews effects of substance use on diabetes outcomes, and discusses treatments for SUDs in patients with diabetes.

Recent findings

Rates of current smoking range from 10 to 26% and alcohol use disorders are 0–5%. Rates of illicit SUDs are 3–4%, but there are no population-based studies using nationally representative samples. Smoking increases the risk for long-term diabetes complications and premature death. Alcohol and illicit drug use can also impact long-term diabetes complications by impairing glucose homeostasis and adversely influencing self-management behaviors. There is mixed evidence about psychosocial smoking cessation interventions in adults with diabetes and little on alcohol and illicit SUD interventions. Limited data exist on pharmacotherapies for SUDs in this population, but a recent study suggests that varenicline is safe and effective for treating smoking in patients with diabetes.

Summary

Substance use is an understudied problem in type 2 diabetes, and addressing substance use holds potential for improving outcomes. Additional large population-based epidemiological studies in those with type 2 diabetes are needed, particularly for alcohol and illicit SUDs. Longitudinal studies should be conducted to better understand the time course of diabetes onset and outcomes in relation to SUDs. Randomized controlled trials are needed to assess safety and efficacy of promising psychosocial and pharmacological interventions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. World Health Organization (WHO). Diabetes fact sheet. [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Jun 28]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/.

  2. Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006;3:e442.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. • Fan AZ, Rock V, Zhang X, Li Y, Elam-Evans L, Balluz L. Trends in cigarette smoking rates and quit attempts among adults with and without diagnosed diabetes, United States, 2001–2010. Prev Chronic Dis. 2013;10:e160. This is a large population-based study using a nationally representative sample to examine trends in current smoking and quit attempts among US adults with and without diagnosed diabetes. It demonstrates that smoking rates among those with diabetes are comparable to those without diabetes, but are declining at significantly slower rates compared to those without diabetes.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Ford ES. Trends in the control of risk factors for cardiovascular disease among adults with diagnosed diabetes: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2008. J Diabetes. 2011;3:337–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). National diabetes statistics report: estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States, 2014. [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2016 Jun 28]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/statsreport14/national-diabetes-report-web.pdf.

  6. Clair C, Meigs JB, Rigotti NA. Smoking behavior among US adults with diabetes or impaired fasting glucose. Am J Med. 2013;541:e15–8.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Wu LT, Ghitza UE, Batch BC, Pencina MJ, Rojas LF, Goldstein BA, et al. Substance use and mental diagnoses among adults with and without type 2 diabetes: results from electronic health records data. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;156:162–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. From Attebring M, Herlitz J, Berndt AK, Karlsson T, Hjalmarson A. Are patients truthful about their smoking habits? A validation of self-report about smoking cessation with biochemical markers of smoking activity amongst patients with ischaemic heart disease. J Intern Med. 2001;249:145–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Jamal A, Dube SR, Malarcher AM, Shaw L, Engstrom MC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Tobacco use screening and counseling during physician office visits among adults—National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2005-2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(Suppl:38):45.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Morales NA, Romano MA, Cummings MK, Marshall JR, Hyland AJ, Hutson A, et al. Accuracy of self-reported tobacco use in newly diagnosed cancer patients. Cancer Causes Control CCC. 2013;24:1223–30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Wijnands JMA, van Durme CM, Driessen JH, Boonen A, Klop C, Leufkens B, et al. Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at an increased risk of gout but this is not due to diabetes. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94:e1358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Achtymichuk KA, Johnson JA, Al Sayah F, Eurich DT. Characteristics and health behaviors of diabetic patients receiving influenza vaccination. Vaccine. 2015;33:3549–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Health Canada. Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey, 2012. Table 2. Smoking status and average number of cigarettes smoked per day, by province, age group and sex, age 15+ years, Canada 2012 [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 Jun 28]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/tobac-tabac/research-recherche/stat/_ctums-esutc_2012/ann-eng.php#t2.

  14. Guðbjörnsdóttir S, Eliasson B, Cederholm J, Zethelius B, Svensson A, Samuelsson P. Swedish National Diabetes Register annual report 2013 [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Jun 28]. Available from: https://www.ndr.nu/pdfs/Annual_Report_NDR_2013.pdf.

  15. World Health Organization (WHO). Tobacco control country profiles. WHO Rep. Glob. Tob. Epidemic [Internet]. 2015[cited 2016 Jun 28]. Available from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/policy/country_profile/en/#S.

  16. Liu L, Lou Q, Guo X, Yuan L, Shen L, Sun Z, et al. Management status and its predictive factors in patients with type 2 diabetes in China: a nationwide multicenter study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2015;31:811–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Thresia CU, Thankappan KR, Nichter M. Smoking cessation and diabetes control in Kerala, India: an urgent need for health education. Health Educ Res. 2009;24:839–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Sharma N, Sharma SK, Maheshwari VD, Sharma KK, Gupta R. Association of low educational status with microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: Jaipur diabetes registry-1. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2015;19:667–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Guariguata L, Whiting DR, Hambleton I, Beagley J, Linnenkamp U, Shaw JE. Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;103:137–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  21. Lin EH, Von Korff M, Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Anthony J, Bromet E, et al. Mental disorders among persons with diabetes—results from the World Mental Health Surveys. J Psychosom Res. 2008;65:571–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Leung GY, Zhang J, Lin W-C, Clark RE. Behavioral health disorders and adherence to measures of diabetes care quality. Am J Manag Care. 2011;17:144–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Office of Applied Studies. Table 15. Alcohol dependence or abuse in past year among persons aged 18 or older, by state: percentages, annual averages based on 2004, 2005, and 2006. Subst. Abuse Ment. Health Serv. Adm. Off. Appl. Stud. State Estim. Subst. Use 2005–2006 Natl. Surv. Drug Use Health OAS Ser. H-33 DHHS Publ. No SMA 08–4311 [Internet]. Rockville, MD: DHHS; 2008 [cited 2016 Jun 28]. Available from: http://media.samhsa.gov/data/2k6state/adultTabs.htm.

  24. Williams EC, Peytremann-Bridevaux I, Fan VS, Bryson CL, Blough DK, Kivlahan DR, et al. The association between alcohol screening scores and health status in male veterans. J Addict Med. 2010;4:27–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Thomas RM, Francis Gerstel PA, Williams EC, Sun H, Bryson CL, Au DH, et al. Association between alcohol screening scores and diabetic self-care behaviors. Fam Med. 2012;44:555–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Substance Abeuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Office of Applied Studies. Table 5.36B Percentages of persons aged 18 or older reporting past year dependence or abuse for any illicit drug or alcohol, by geographic characteristics. Natl. Househ. Surv. Drug Abuse [Internet]. Rockville, MD: DHHS; 2000 [cited 2016 Jun 28]. Available from: http://media.samhsa.gov/data/nhsda/2kdetailedtabs/pdf/pdf/Section5v1.pdf.

  27. Jensen TS, Backonja M-M, Jiménez SH, Tesfaye S, Valensi P, Ziegler D. New perspectives on the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2006;3:108–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Højsted J, Sjøgren P. Addiction to opioids in chronic pain patients: a literature review. Eur J Pain. 2007;11:490–518.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Vowles KE, McEntee ML, Julnes PS, Frohe T, Ney JP, van der Goes DN. Rates of opioid misuse, abuse, and addiction in chronic pain: a systematic review and data synthesis. Pain. 2015;156:569–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Fareed A, Byrd-Sellers J, Vayalapalli S, Drexler K, Phillips L. Predictors of diabetes mellitus and abnormal blood glucose in patients receiving opioid maintenance treatment. Am J Addict. 2013;22:411–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Fareed A, Casarella J, Amar R, Vayalapalli S, Drexler K. Benefits of retention in methadone maintenance and chronic medical conditions as risk factors for premature death among older heroin addicts. J Psychiatr Pract. 2009;15:227–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Feldberg W, Shaligram SV. The hyperglycaemic effect of morphine. Br J Pharmacol. 1972;46:602–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Ipp E, Schusdziarra V, Harris V, Unger RH. Morphine-induced hyperglycemia: role of insulin and glucagon. Endocrinology. 1980;107:461–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Neale J, Nettleton S, Pickering L, Fischer J. Eating patterns among heroin users: a qualitative study with implications for nutritional interventions. Addict. Abingdon Engl. 2012;107:635–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Bestrashniy J, Winters KC. Variability in medical marijuana laws in the United States. Psychol. Addict Behav J Soc Psychol Addict Behav. 2015;29:639–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Pepper JK, Emery SL, Ribisl KM, Rini CM, Brewer NT. How risky is it to use e-cigarettes? Smokers’ beliefs about their health risks from using novel and traditional tobacco products. J Behav Med. 2015;38:318–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking—50 years of progress: a report of the surgeon general. [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2016 Jun 28]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/50th-anniversary/index.htm.

  38. Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, Faris PD, Cornuz J. Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Med Assoc. 2007;298:2654–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Gunton JE, Davies L, Wilmshurst E, Fulcher G, McElduff A. Cigarette smoking affects glycemic control in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:796–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Al Sayah F, Soprovich A, Qiu W, Edwards AL, Johnson JA. Diabetic foot disease, self-care and clinical monitoring in adults with type 2 diabetes: the Alberta’s Caring for Diabetes (ABCD) cohort study. Can J Diabetes. 2015;39(Suppl 3):S120–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hong JW, Ku CR, Noh JH, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Kim D-J. Association between self-reported smoking and hemoglobin A1c in a Korean population without diabetes: the 2011-2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0126746.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Hu H, Hori A, Nishiura C, Sasaki N, Okazaki H, Nakagawa T, et al. Hba1c, blood pressure, and lipid control in people with diabetes: Japan epidemiology collaboration on occupational health study. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0159071.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. InterAct Consortium, Spijkerman AMW, van der A DL, Nilsson PM, Ardanaz E, Gavrila D, et al. Smoking and long-term risk of type 2 diabetes: the EPIC-InterAct study in European populations. Diabetes Care 2014;37:3164–3171.

  44. • Pan A, Wang Y, Talaei M, Hu FB. Relation of smoking with total mortality and cardiovascular events among patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Circulation. 2015;132:1795–804. This study demonstrates the adverse effects of continued smoking among patients with diabetes.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Xie X, Liu Q, Wu J, Wakui M. Impact of cigarette smoking in type 2 diabetes development. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2009;30:784–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Seet RC, Loke WM, Khoo CM, Chew SE, Chong WL, Quek AM, et al. Acute effects of cigarette smoking on insulin resistance and arterial stiffness in young adults. Atherosclerosis. 2012;224:195–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Targher G, Alberiche M, Zenere MB, Bonadonna RC, Muggeo M, Bonora E. Cigarette smoking and insulin resistance in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:3619–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Morimoto A, Tatsumi Y, Deura K, Mizuno S, Ohno Y, Watanabe S. Impact of cigarette smoking on impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance in Japanese men: the Saku Study. J Diabetes Investig. 2013;4:274–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Wang C, Wang Y, Wu J, Liu S, Zhu Y, Lv S, et al. Current smoking dose-dependently associated with decreased β-cell function in Chinese men without diabetes. J Diabetes Res. 2015;2015:841768.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Wakabayashi I. Relationship between smoking and metabolic syndrome in men with diabetes mellitus. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2014;12:70–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Blomster JI, Woodward M, Zoungas S, Hillis GS, Harrap S, Neal B, et al. The harms of smoking and benefits of smoking cessation in women compared with men with type 2 diabetes: an observational analysis of the ADVANCE (Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron modified release Controlled Evaluation) trial. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e009668.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Al-Rubeaan K, Al Derwish M, Ouizi S, Youssef AM, Subhani SN, Ibrahim HM, et al. Diabetic foot complications and their risk factors from a large retrospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0124446.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Hallan SI, Orth SR. Smoking is a risk factor in the progression to kidney failure. Kidney Int. 2011;80:516–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Emanuele NV, Swade TF, Emanuele MA. Consequences of alcohol use in diabetics. Alcohol Health Res World. 1998;22:211–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Ahmed AT, Karter AJ, Liu J. Alcohol consumption is inversely associated with adherence to diabetes self-care behaviours. Diabet. Med. J. Br. Diabet. Assoc. 2006;23:795–802.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Pietraszek A, Gregersen S, Hermansen K. Alcohol and type 2 diabetes: a review. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis NMCD. 2010;20:366–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Leung G, Zhang J, Lin W-C, Clark RE. Behavioral disorders and diabetes-related outcomes among Massachusetts Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries. Psychiatr Serv Wash DC. 2011;62:659–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Fortney JC, Booth BM, Curran GM. Do patients with alcohol dependence use more services?: a comparative analysis with other chronic disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999;23:127–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Mysels DJ, Sullivan MA. The relationship between opioid and sugar intake: review of evidence and clinical applications. J Opioid Manag. 2010;6:445–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Nolan LJ, Scagnelli LM. Preference for sweet foods and higher body mass index in patients being treated in long-term methadone maintenance. Subst Use Misuse. 2007;42:1555–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Benyamin R, Trescot AM, Datta S, Buenaventura R, Adlaka R, Sehgal N, et al. Opioid complications and side effects. Pain Physician. 2008;11:S105–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Gautam S, Franzini L, Mikhail OI, Chan W, Turner BJ. Longitudinal analysis of opioid analgesic dose and diabetes quality of care measures. Pain Med. Malden Mass. 2015.

  63. Rose AJ, Hermos JA, Frayne SM, Pogach LM, Berlowitz DR, Miller DR. Does opioid therapy affect quality of care for diabetes mellitus? Am J Manag Care. 2009;15:217–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Babor T, Rehm J, Jernigan D, Vaeth P, Monteiro M, Lehman H. Alcohol, diabetes, and public health in the Americas. Rev Panam Salud Pública Pan Am J Public Health. 2012;32:151–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Ghitza UE, Wu L-T, Tai B. Integrating substance abuse care with community diabetes care: implications for research and clinical practice. Subst Abuse Rehabil. 2013;4:3–10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption—II. Addict. 1993;88:791–804.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Babor TF, McRee BG, Kassebaum PA, Grimaldi PL, Ahmed K, Bray J. Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT): toward a public health approach to the management of substance abuse. Subst. Abuse. 2007;28:7–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). SBIRT: Brief intervention. [Internet].2016 [cited 2016 October 21] Available from: http://www.integration.samhsa.gov/clinical-practice/sbirt/brief-interventions.

  69. Bertholet N, Daeppen J-B, Wietlisbach V, Fleming M, Burnand B. Reduction of alcohol consumption by brief alcohol intervention in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:986–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Solberg LI, Maciosek MV, Edwards NM. Primary care intervention to reduce alcohol misuse ranking its health impact and cost effectiveness. Am J Prev Med. 2008;34:143–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Aveyard P, Begh R, Parsons A, West R. Brief opportunistic smoking cessation interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare advice to quit and offer of assistance. Addict Abingdon Engl. 2012;107:1066–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Stead LF, Buitrago D, Preciado N, Sanchez G, Hartmann-Boyce J, Lancaster T. Physician advice for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;5:CD000165.

    Google Scholar 

  73. O’Toole TP, Pollini RA, Ford D, Bigelow G. Physical health as a motivator for substance abuse treatment among medically ill adults: is it enough to keep them in treatment? J Subst Abus Treat. 2006;31:143–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Twardella D, Loew M, Rothenbacher D, Stegmaier C, Ziegler H, Brenner H. The diagnosis of a smoking-related disease is a prominent trigger for smoking cessation in a retrospective cohort study. J Clin Epidemiol. 2006;59:82–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Roy-Byrne P, Bumgardner K, Krupski A, Dunn C, Ries R, Donovan D, et al. Brief intervention for problem drug use in safety-net primary care settings: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312:492–501.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Saitz R, Palfai TA, Cheng DM, et al. Screening and brief intervention for drug use in primary care: the aspire randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312:502–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Miller PM, Stockdell R, Nemeth L, Feifer C, Jenkins RG, Nietert PJ, et al. Initial steps taken by nine primary care practices to implement alcohol screening guidelines with hypertensive patients: the AA-TRIP project. Subst Abuse. 2006;27:61–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Nygaard P, Aasland OG. Barriers to implementing screening and brief interventions in general practice: findings from a qualitative study in Norway. Alcohol Alcohol. 2011;46:52–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:S1–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. American Association of Diabetes Educators. Outcomes measurement American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE) positions [Internet]. 2011[cited 2016 Jun 28]. Available from: https://www.diabeteseducator.org/docs/default-source/legacy-docs/_resources/pdf/research/outcome_measurement_position_statement_2011.pdf?sfvrsn=2.

  81. Health and Social Care Information Centre. National diabetes audit 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 Report 1: care processes and treatment targets [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2016 Jun 28]. Available from: http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB19900/nati-diab-rep1-audi-2013-15.pdf.

  82. Schauer GL, Halperin AC, Mancl LA, Doescher MP. Health professional advice for smoking and weight in adults with and without diabetes: findings from BRFSS. J Behav Med. 2013;36:10–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Wu L-T, Brady KT, Spratt SE, Dunham AA, Heidenfelder B, Batch BC, et al. Using electronic health record data for substance use screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment among adults with type 2 diabetes: Design of a National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network study. Contemp Clin Trials. 2016;46:30–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Hokanson JM, Anderson RL, Hennrikus DJ, Lando HA, Kendall DM. Integrated tobacco cessation counseling in a diabetes self-management training program: a randomized trial of diabetes and reduction of tobacco. Diabetes Educ. 2006;32:562–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Pérez-Tortosa S, Roig L, Manresa JM, Martin-Cantera C, Puigdomènech E, Roura P, et al. Continued smoking abstinence in diabetic patients in primary care: a cluster randomized controlled multicenter study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2015;107:94–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Griffin SJ, Simmons RK, Prevost AT, Williams KM, Hardeman W, Sutton S, et al. Multiple behaviour change intervention and outcomes in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes: the ADDITION-Plus randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia. 2014;57:1308–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Moore K, Jiang L, Manson SM, Beals J, Henderson W, Pratte K, et al. Case management to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in American Indians and Alaska natives with diabetes: results from the Special Diabetes Program for Indians Healthy Heart Demonstration Project. Am J Public Health. 2014;104:e158–64.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Ardron M, MacFarlane IA, Robinson C, van Heyningen C, Calverley PM. Anti-smoking advice for young diabetic smokers: is it a waste of breath? Diabet. Med. J. Br. Diabet. Assoc. 1988;5:667–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Canga N, De Irala J, Vara E, Duaso MJ, Ferrer A, Martínez-González MA. Intervention study for smoking cessation in diabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial in both clinical and primary care settings. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:1455–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Nagrebetsky A, Brettell R, Roberts N, Farmer A. Smoking cessation in adults with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open. 2014;4:e004107.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Thankappan KR, Mini GK, Daivadanam M, Vijayakumar G, Sarma PS, Nichter M. Smoking cessation among diabetes patients: results of a pilot randomized controlled trial in Kerala. India BMC Public Health. 2013;13:47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Fowler PM, Hoskins PL, McGill M, Dutton SP, Yue DK, Turtle JR. Anti-smoking programme for diabetic patients: the agony and the ecstasy. Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc. 1989;6:698–702.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Ng N, Nichter M, Padmawati RS, Prabandari YS, Muramoto M, Nichter M. Bringing smoking cessation to diabetes clinics in Indonesia. Chronic Illn. 2010;6:125–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Sawicki PT, Didjurgeit U, Mühlhauser I, Berger M. Behaviour therapy versus doctor’s anti-smoking advice in diabetic patients. J Intern Med. 1993;234:407–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. McDermott RA, Schmidt B, Preece C, Owens V, Taylor S, Li M, et al. Community health workers improve diabetes care in remote Australian indigenous communities: results of a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15:68.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Welschen LMC, van Oppen P, Bot SDM, Kostense PJ, Dekker JM, Nijpels G. Effects of a cognitive behavioural treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes when added to managed care; a randomised controlled trial. J Behav Med. 2013;36:556–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Davies MJ, Heller S, Skinner TC, Campbell MJ, Carey ME, Cradock S, et al. Effectiveness of the diabetes education and self-management for ongoing and newly diagnosed (DESMOND) programme for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2008;336:491–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Jones H, Edwards L, Vallis TM, Ruggiero L, Rossi SR, Rossi JS, et al. Changes in diabetes self-care behaviors make a difference in glycemic control: the Diabetes Stages of Change (DiSC) study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:732–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Fleming M, Brown R, Brown D. The efficacy of a brief alcohol intervention combined with %CDT feedback in patients being treated for type 2 diabetes and/or hypertension. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2004;65:631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Ramsey SE, Engler PA, Harrington M, Smith RJ, Fagan MJ, Stein MD, et al. Brief alcohol intervention among at-risk drinkers with diabetes. Subst Abuse Res Treat. 2010;4:1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Dutra L, Stathopoulou G, Basden SL, Leyro TM, Powers MB, Otto MW. A meta-analytic review of psychosocial interventions for substance use disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:179–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Petry NM, Alessi SM, Ledgerwood DM. A randomized trial of contingency management delivered by community therapists. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2012;80:286–98.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Petry NM. Contingency management for substance abuse treatment: a guide to implementing this evidence-based practice. New York: Routledge; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Walter KN, Petry NM. Patients with diabetes respond well to contingency management treatment targeting alcohol and substance use. Psychol Health Med. 2015;20:916–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Fiore M, Panel USTU and DG. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update: clinical practice guideline. DIANE Publishing 2008.

  106. Marsh HS, Dresler CM, Choi JH, Targett DA, Gamble ML, Strahs KR. Safety profile of a nicotine lozenge compared with that of nicotine gum in adult smokers with underlying medical conditions: a 12-week, randomized, open-label study. Clin Ther. 2005;27:1571–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. •• Tonstad S, Lawrence D. Varenicline in smokers with diabetes: a pooled analysis of 15 randomized, placebo-controlled studies of varenicline. J. Diabetes Investig. [Epub ahead of print] Accessed from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Tonstad+and+Lawrence+and+2016. This study provides evidence that varenicline is a safe and effective smoking cessation treatment for patients with diabetes.

  108. GlaxoSmithKline. ZYBAN (bupropion hydrochloride) sustained release tablets, for oral use prescribing information [Internet]. 2015[cited 2016 Jun 28]. Available from: https://www.gsksource.com/pharma/content/dam/GlaxoSmithKline/US/en/Prescribing_Information/Zyban/pdf/ZYBAN-PI-MG.PDF.

  109. el Daly ES. Effect of intrathecal morphine on blood glucose, glucagon and tissue glycogen in rat: comparison with the effect of xanthan gum on blood glucose. J Pharm Belg. 1996;51:195–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Faskowitz AJ, Kramskiy VN, Pasternak GW. Methadone-induced hypoglycemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2013;33:537–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  111. Ceriello A, Giugliano D, Passariello N, Quatraro A, Dello Russo P, Torella R, et al. Impaired glucose metabolism in heroin and methadone users. Horm Metab Res Horm Stoffwechselforschung Horm Métabolisme. 1987;19:430–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Sadava D, Alonso D, Hong H, Pettit-Barrett DP. Effect of methadone addiction on glucose metabolism in rats. Gen Pharmacol. 1997;28:27–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Fareed A, Byrd-Sellers J, Vayalapalli S, Drexler K, Phillips L. Predictors of diabetes mellitus and abnormal blood glucose in patients receiving opioid maintenance treatment. Am J Addict Am Acad Psychiatr Alcohol Addict. 2013;22:411–6.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Beck RW, Tamborlane WV, Bergenstal RM, Miller KM, DuBose SN, Hall CA, et al. The T1D exchange clinic registry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:4383–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Preparation of this paper was supported in part by National Institutes of Health grants DP3 DK097705, P60-AA03510, P50-DA09241, R01- AA021446, R01-AA023502, and T32-AA07290.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Connecticut School of Medicine (MC 3944), 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06030-3944, USA

    Kimberly N. Walter & Nancy M. Petry

  2. University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, USA

    Julie A. Wagner

  3. Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT, USA

    Eda Cengiz & William V. Tamborlane

Authors
  1. Kimberly N. Walter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Julie A. Wagner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Eda Cengiz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. William V. Tamborlane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Nancy M. Petry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nancy M. Petry.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Kimberly N. Walter, Julie A. Wagner, Eda Cengiz, and Nancy M. Petry declare they have no conflict of interest.

William V. Tamborlane is a consultant for Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, and Medtronic.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Psychosocial Aspects

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Walter, K.N., Wagner, J.A., Cengiz, E. et al. Substance Use Disorders among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: a Dangerous but Understudied Combination. Curr Diab Rep 17, 2 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-017-0832-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-017-0832-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation