Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Causes of illegal logging in Central and Eastern Europe

  • Published:
Small-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A study has been undertaken to investigate the extent to which poverty is a determinant (final cause) of illegal logging, and to identify valid short-term policy variables for the control of illegal logging in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. The study identifies the main features of illegal logging and forest-related and rural-related conditions in the CEE region, and uses principal components analysis and cluster analysis to obtain a typology of the CEE region according to the above conditions. Regional differences within Lithuania and Romania are specifically examined. The analysis reveals that the occurrence of illegal logging is explained by poverty, but also by the reform on land ownership and by weak law enforcement. Implications of these results for policies to cope with the illegal logging phenomenon are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • ACER (2001), Illegal Logging Independent Study, Final report, Albanian Centre for Economic Research, 31 October 2001, http://wbln0018.worldbank. org/ECA/CSSD.nsf/3b8b3d27260832ec852569fa0059675f/914b76212713dee585256c540072201f/$FILE/Ilegal%20Logging%20Final%20Report%20Oct%2030%20Y01%20_Eng_.pdf, accessed April 2004.

  • Ahas, R. (1998), Underlying Causes of Deforestation and Forest Degradation. Estonia: A Local Level Case Study in Põlva County, World Rainforest Movement, www.wrm.uy/deforestation/Europe/Estonia.html, accessed May 2002.

  • Ahas, R. (2001), Illegal Logging in Estonia, www.taigarescue.org/taigaNews/pdf/TN37.pdf. accessed September, 2002.

  • Benzécri, J.P. (1980), L’analyse des données, Volume 2, Dunod, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouriaud, L. (2001), ‘Sustainable forest management: with or without privately owned forests? A Romanian case survey’, in A. Niskanen and J. et Väyrynen (eds), Economic Sustainability of Small-scale Forestry, EFI Proceedings No. 36, pp. 143–159.

  • Bouriaud, L. (2002), Economic and Policy Analysis of Property Rights Assignment on Forests: The Case of Countries with Economies in Transition, PhD dissertation (in French), ENGREF France and University Suceava, Romania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouriaud, L. and Niskanen, A. (2003), ‘Illegal removals in the context of the sound use of wood’, paper presented to the International symposium on Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, UNECE Timber Committee, 24 – 27 March, Poiana Brasov, Romania, http://www.unece.org/trade/timber/docs/sem-1/papers/r30Niskanen.doc, accessed March 2005.

  • Brack, D., Marijnissen, C. and Ozinga, S. (2002), Controlling Imports of Illegal Timber: Options for Europe, Draft Report for discussion at workshop, 25 October 2002, fifth draft, The Royal Institute of International Affairs and FERN, http://www.fern.org/pubs/reports/optionsX.pdf, accessed June 2005.

  • Bromley, D.W. (2001), ‘Property Regimes and Institutional Change’, paper presented at the conference on Property Rights and Institutional Change, Fredericia, Denmark, 19 September 2001, http://www.sam.sdu.dk/fame/menu/pdf/bromley.pdf, accessed October 2002.

  • Callister, D.J. (1999), Corrupt and Illegal Logging in the Forestry Sector: Current Understandings, and Implications for World Bank Forest Policy, World Bank, Forest policy implementation review and strategy development: analytical studies, http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/eap/eap.nsf/Attachments/FLEG_OB6/$File/OB+6+FPR+Paper+-+Illegal+Actions+-+Debra+Callister.pdf52 pp., accessed November 2002.

  • Central statistical Bureau of Latvia (2004), Basic Indicators, http://www.csb.lv/, accessed March 2004.

  • Central Statistical Office of Poland (2004), National Accounts, http://www.stat.gov.pl/, accessed March 2004.

  • Centre of Forest Protection and Silviculture, Estonia (2001), Yearbook of Forests, 2001, accessed February 2004 at http://www.metsad.ee/eng/main_e.html.

  • Centrum Informacyjne Lasów Państwowych (2003), Państwowe Gospodarstwo Leśne, Raport Roczny 2003.

  • Centrum Informacyjne Lasów Państwowych (2004), Poland: The State Forests in Figures, 2004, Warsaw.

  • Chobanova, R. (2004), Bulgaria. Economic Integration of the Urban Consumers’ Demand and Rural Forestry Production, Country Report for the Phase I of the Cost Action E 30, http://www.joensuu.fi/coste30/docs/ReportsJan05/Bulgaria_081204.pdf, accessed March 2005.

  • CIESIN (2005), Environmental Sustainability Index, An Initiative of the Global Leaders for Tomorrow Environment Task Force, World Economic Forum, Yale Centre for Environmental Law and Policy, and Centre for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University, http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/ indicators/ESI/esi.xls, accessed April 2004.

  • Collective (2002), Illegal Logging, and the Global Trade in Illegally Sourced Timber; a Crime Against Forests and Peoples, April 2002, Joint NGOs statement; Arbeitsgemeinshaft fur Regenwald und Artenshutz (ARA), Down to Earth, Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA), Fern UK-Brussels, Friends of the Earth France, Friends of the Earth Netherlands, Friends of the Earth England Wales and Northern Ireland, Global Witness, Green Movement Estonia, International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), Rainforest Foundation UK, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), 6 pp., http://www.fern.org/pubs/ngostats/logging.pdf, accessed November 2002.

  • Commission of the European Communities (2003), Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT), Proposal for an EU Action Plan, 21.5.2003 COM (2003) 251 Final, at http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/body/theme/forest/initiative/docs/Docl-FLEGT_en.pdf#zoom=100, accessed March 2004.

  • Contreras-Hermosilla, A. (2002), Illegal Forest Production and Trade. An Overview, http://www.iucn.org/brao/toolkiteng/Background%20Papers/Contreras%20Overview%20of%20Illegal%20Forest%20Production%20and%20Trade.pdf, accessed March 2003.

  • Czech Statistical Office (2004), Statistical Yearbook of the Czech Republic, http://www.czso.cz/eng/edicniplan.nsf/p/10n1-04, accessed June 2005.

  • Department of Statistics (2004), Lithuania, Statistics, http://www.std.lt/web/main.php, accessed March 2005.

  • Departmentul de Statistica si Sociologie al Republicii Moldova (2004), Piata fortei de munca in 2004, http://www.statistica.md/, accessed March 2005.

  • Estonian Green Movement (2003), Illegal Forestry and Estonian Timber Exports, Leaflet, Estonian Green Movement and Taiga Rescue Network, 2003, http://www.illegallogging.info/papers/Illegal_Forestry_and_Estonian_Timber_Exports.pdf, accessed March 2004.

  • Eurostat (2004a), Eurostat Yearbook 2004, The Statistical Guide to Europe. Data 1992–2002, Chapter 3, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eurostat (2004b), Statistiques en bref. Statistiques générales, Theme 1 — 2/2004, Produit intérieur brut régional des pays candidats 2001, ISSN 1561-4883, Numéro de catalogue: KS-DN-04-002-FR-N, http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-DN-04-002/FR/KS-DN-04-002-FR.PDF, accessed March 2005.

  • FLEGT (2002), Synthesis Report, International Workshop, Brussels, 22–24 April 2002, FLEGT (Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade), http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/flegt/workshop/synthesis1.htm, accessed November 2002.

  • Grootaert, C. and Braithwaite, J. (1998), Poverty Correlates and Indicator-based Targeting in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, World Bank, http://econ.worldbank.org/docs/483.pdf, accessed November 2002.

  • Hungarian Central Statistical Office (2005), National Accounts, http://portal.ksh.hu/, accessed March 2005.

  • IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development) (2002), Assessment of Rural Poverty in Central and Eastern Europe and the Newly Independent States, Rome, May 2002, http://www.ifad.org/poverty/region/pn/index.htm, accessed November 2002.

  • INDUFOR/ECO (2001), Implication of Land Restitution Programs on Achieving WB/WWF Alliance Targets in Eastern Europe and the Central Asian Region, Main Report, The World Bank/WWF Alliance, Helsinki, and Oberaula, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • INDUFOR/EFI (2003), Forestry in Accession Countries, final report, unpublished, Helsinki.

  • Institute of Statistics, National Accounts, Albania, http://www.instat.gov.al/, accessed April 2004.

  • Institutul National de Statistica (2002), Anuarul Statistic al Romaniei 2003, Serii de timp 1990–2002, http://www.insse.ro/, accessed March 2004.

  • Ivanov, M. (2004), Country Report for Joint UNECE/FAO Workshop on Illegal Logging and Trade of Illegally-derived Forest Products in the UNECE Regio, Bulgaria, National Reports, (in Russian), Palais des Nations, Geneva, 16–17 September 2004. http://www.unece.org/trade/timber/docs/sem/2004-1/full_reports/Bulgaria_R.pdf, accessed June 2005.

  • Jansky, L., Nevenic, R., Tikkanen, I. and Pajari, B. (2004), Challenges in Strengthening of Capacities for Forest Policy Development in Countries with Economies in Transition, Forests in Transition II, United Nations University.

  • Legendre P. and Legendre, L. (1998), Numerical Ecology, Second English edition, Elsevier Science B.V.

  • Lloyd, S. and Lindahl, K. (2000), Towards Responsible Swedish Timber Trade? A Survey of Actors and Origin of Timber from Russia and Baltic States, http://www.taigarescue.org/_v3/files/pdf/23.pdf, accessed March 2004.

  • MAAP (2003), Official data on illegal logging in public and private forests, Ministry of Agriculture, Waters and Forests, Romania, unpublished, Bucharest.

  • Maftei, S. (2005), Interview published in Adevarul, Sunday, 27 February 2005, http://www.adevarulonline.ro/index.jsp?page=articol&section_id=6&article_id=118685, accessed March 2005.

  • MCPFE (2003), Vienna Declaration and Resolutions, Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe, www.mcpfe.org, accessed December 2004.

  • Mészáros, K., Jáger, L. and Hegedüs, A. (2004), Hungary. Country Report for the Phase I of the Cost Action E 30 ‘Economic integration of the urban consumers’ demand and rural forestry production’, http://www.joensuu.fi/coste30/docs/ReportsJan05/Hungary_Final.pdf, accessed March, 2005.

  • Ministry of Statistics and Analysis (2004), Byelorussia, Indicators 1990–2004, http://www.belstat.gov.by/, accessed March 2004.

  • Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Latvia (2003), Market Statement prepared for the UNECE Timber Committee, 61st Session, 7–9 October, 2003, http://www.zm.gov.lv/Zinojum/, accessed June 2005.

  • Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Latvia (2005), Forest Sector in Latvia, booklet available at http://www.zm.gov.lv/Buklets/index.php?language=2, accessed June 2005.

  • Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic (2003), Summary report by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic of the Situation in Agriculture, Food-processing Industry, Forestry and Water Management in the Year 2003, Prague, 2004, http://www.mze.cz/attachments/Eng/summary_rep_04_gb.pdf, accessed June 2005.

  • Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry, Romania (2003), ‘Se fura mai mult din padurea privata’ (The timber robbery is happening rather in private forests), State Secretary of Forest, 2003, press release, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry, published in Jurnalul National, 23 August 2003.

  • Ministry of the Environment, Estonia (2003), Forest Management and Protection in Estonia, Centre of Forest Protection and Silviculture.

  • Morozov, A. (2000), Survey of illegal forest felling activities in Russia (forms and methods of illegal cuttings), 14 pp., www.forest.ru/eng/publications/illegal/, accessed December 2002.

  • National Forest Administration, Romania (2004), Annual Report, 2003, Bucharest.

  • National Statistical Institute of Republic of Bulgaria (2004), National Accounts. Demographic Indicators, http://www.nsi.bg/, accessed April 2004.

  • Pepke, E. (2004), Forest Law Enforcement and Governance: A Significant Problem in the UNECE Region?, joint session, UNECE Timber Committee and FAO European Forestry Commission, 5–9 October 2004, Geneva, Switzerland, Power Point presentation, http://www.unece.org/trade/timber/docs/tc-sessions/tc-62/presentations/il_pepke.pdf, accessed April 2005.

  • Pettenella, D. (1999), Illegal Logging Prevention: A Case Study in Albania, unpublished paper presented to the European Summer School, Marybank, Scotland, 15–22 August 1999.

  • Sharma, C. (1996), Applied Multivariate Techniques, University of South Carolina, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • State Forest Service, Latvia (2005), In 2004 the volume of illegal felling of timber in private forests and the losses to the environment continue to reduce, news accessed March 2005, http://www.vmd.gov.lv/index.php?sadala=305&id=515&ord=37.

  • State Forest Survey Service Lithuania (2004), Lithuanian Statistical Yearbook of Forestry, http://www.lvmi.lt/vmt/leidiniai.php?form_currentid=86&lang=en, accessed December 2004.

  • State Statistics Committee of Ukraine (2004), National Accounts, http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/, accessed March 2004.

  • Statistical Office of Estonia (2005), Statistical Databases, http://www.stat.ee/statistics.

  • Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (2003), Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Slovenia, http://www.stat.si/, accessed December 2004.

  • Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (2005), Indicators on Economic Development, http://www.statistics.sk/, accessed March 2005.

  • TBFRA (2000), Forest Resources of Europe, CIS, North America, Australia, Japan and New Zealand (Industrialised Temperate/boreal Countries), UN-ECE/FAO Contribution to the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000, United Nations, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Transparency International (2003), Corruption Perceptions Index, http://www.transparency.org/surveys/index.html#cpi, accessed December, 2004.

  • Trejbalová, K. and Vančura, K. (2004), ‘Summary of replies to country questionnaire’, in F. Schmithüsen, K. Trejbalová, K. Vančura (eds), Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium Legal aspects of European forest sustainable forest development, Židlochovive, Czech Republic, pp. 178–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNECE/FAO (2003), Conclusions and recommendations of the Seminar on Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Poiana Brasov, Romania, 24–27 March 2003, 6 pp., http://www.unece.org/trade/timber/docs/sem-1/EN/semRO%20CONCLUSIONS.pdf; (TIM/SEM.1/2003/2), accessed December 2004.

  • UNECE/FAO (2004a), ‘Forest Products Statistics 1999–2003 (Provisional)’, Timber Bulletin, ECE/TIM/BULL/57/2, Issue 2004.

  • UNECE/FAO (2004b), Joint UNECE/FAO Workshop on Illegal Logging and Trade of Illegally-derived Forest Products in the UNECE Region, National Reports, Palais des Nations, Geneva, 16–17 September 2004, http://www.unece.org/trade/timber/docs/sem/2004-1/sem-2004-1.htm, accessed December 2004.

  • UNECE (2005), Trends in Europe and North America 2005, http://www.unece.org/stats/trends2005/Welcome.html, accessed June 2005.

  • UNFPA (2004), State of World Population 2004. The Cairo Consensus at Ten: Population, Reproductive Health and the Global Effort to End Poverty, United Nations Population Fund, http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2004/presskit/docs/indicator2.pdf, accessed June 2005.

  • Veselič, Ž. (2004), Slovenia. Country Report for the Joint UNECE/FAO Workshop on Illegal Logging and Trade of Illegally-derived Forest Products in the UNECE Region, National Reports, Palais des Nations, Geneva, 16–17 September 2004, http://www.unece.org/trade/timber/docs/sem/2004-1/sem-2004-1.htm, accessed June 2005.

  • World Bank (2002), Forestry Development Project Belarus, Implementation completion report, 30 October 2000, n. 25013.

  • World Bank (2005), World Development Indicators 2005, http://www.worldbank.org/data/wdi2005/index.html, accessed June 2005.

  • WWF/World Bank Alliance (2003), The Impact of Large-scale Forest Industry Investments on WWF/World Bank Alliance Targets and Recommendations for Investment Safeguards, a report based on an example in the Baltic States, Gland, Switzerland and Washington DC, USA. February 2003, http://www.wwf.lv/doc_upl/Alliance_Investment_Safeguards_Final_report.pdf, accessed December 2004.

  • WWF and Taiga Rescue (2002), Responsible Trade in the Shadow of Illegal Logging, Swedish Import of Latvian Timber and Wood Products, Taiga Rescue Network, WWF Sweden and WWF Latvia, http://www.wwf.lv/doc_upl/Latvia_report.pdf, accessed December 2004.

  • WWF (2003), The Feature of Illegal Logging and Related Trade in Baltic Sea Region, discussion paper, WWF Latvia, http://www.sns.dk/internat/edited71.pdf, accessed April 2005.

  • WWF (2005), Illegal Logging in Romania, written by Danube Carpathian Programme, H. Brandlmaier, and P. Hirschberger, http://www.panda.org/downloads/forests/finalromaniaillegallogging.pdf, accessed April 2005.

  • Zając, S., Gołos, P., Laskowska, K., Adamczyk, et al (2004), Poland. Country Report for the Phase I of the Cost Action E 30 ‘Economic Integration of the Urban Consumers’ Demand and Rural Forestry Production’, http://www.joensuu.fi/coste30/docs/ReportsJan05/Poland_Final.pdf, accessed March 2005.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bouriaud, L. Causes of illegal logging in Central and Eastern Europe. Small-scale Forestry 4, 269–291 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-005-0017-6

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-005-0017-6

Keywords

Navigation