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Do 120,000 years of plant–pollinator interactions predict floral phenotype divergence in Calceolaria polyrhiza? A reconstruction using species distribution models

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As our research teaches, the bee groups in question, in view of their detailed adjustments apparently ab origine, were very closely linked to oil flowers. This emerges directly from: their partnership as their legitimate pollination symbionts, from the concordance of their geographic ranges, and the very close mutual relationships.

S. Vogel, 1974.

Abstract

Quaternary climatic changes impacted species’ demography and distribution worldwide. Although response to climate change could have been modulated by mutualistic interactions with other species, studies exploring the dynamics of these interactions and their role facilitating species persistence during past climatic variations are scarce. In this work, we attempt to explore the spatial dynamic of Calceolaria polyrhiza and its oil-collecting bee pollinators during the last 120,000 years, identifying stable areas of persistence and statistically determining whether the distribution of pollinator-related floral ecotypes is associated with these shared areas of persistence. To do this, we used 395 presence records of the interacting species and constructed species palaeodistribution models. Additionally, we gathered phenotypic measures of the plant and used decision tree and multiple regression analyses to link the plant phenotypic divergence with the distribution of stable areas. Our species distribution models suggest that past climatic changes affected the interaction between C. polyrhiza and both bee species in time and space. While the interaction between the plant and C. caeruleus predominated in the Andean-Patagonian forest and was relatively stable in space and time, that was not the case for the pollinator C. cineraria in the Patagonian steppe. This, along with our analyses of spatial phenotypic divergence, indicates that current floral phenotypes are the result of two historical different pollination regimes.

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Acknowledgements

We thank A.A. Cocucci for field assistance, S. Benítez Vieyra for his statistical assistance/guidance and M. Latvis for correcting the English. We also thank APN Argentina for permits to work in populations located in parks and reserves. A.C. and A.N.S. acknowledge the National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET) as researchers and M.S.P. and M.C.B. as a doctoral and postdoctoral fellowship holder, respectively. A.E. acknowledges the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grants P300P3_151141 and PBNEP3_140192). This work was supported by the National Research Council of Argentina (PIP 201101-00245; A.N.S.); National Ministry of Science and Technology (FONCYT-PICT-2011-0837; A.N.S. and 2011-0709; A.C.); and the Systematic Research Fund (A.C.).

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    1. Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Vélez Sársfield 1611, Córdoba, Argentina

      M. Sosa-Pivatto, A. Cosacov, M. C. Baranzelli, M. R. Iglesias & A. N. Sérsic

    2. Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences South 252, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS-3051, Moscow, ID, 83844-3051, USA

      A. Espíndola

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    M. Sosa-Pivatto, A. Cosacov, M. C. Baranzelli and A. N. Sérsic have contributed equally to this study and should be considered as co-first authors.

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    Sosa-Pivatto, M., Cosacov, A., Baranzelli, M.C. et al. Do 120,000 years of plant–pollinator interactions predict floral phenotype divergence in Calceolaria polyrhiza? A reconstruction using species distribution models. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 11, 351–361 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-016-9490-4

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