Abstract
Most antioxidant phytochemicals isolated from higher plants are polyphenols exhibiting different biological activities. Previous studies have shown that plant phenolic contents and antioxidant activities depend on several factors, mainly environmental conditions, and post-harvesting procedures. The present study aims to assess the influence of these interfering factors on phenolic composition and antioxidant activities (DPPH test, reducing power) of Crithmum maritimum L., a promising food halophyte which attracts an increasing interest in recent years. Results showed that the summer plants (reproductive stage) were richer on phenolic compounds than spring ones (vegetative stage), and consequently exhibited higher antioxidant activities. The comparison of two extraction methods showed that maceration extracts contained greatest amounts of phenolic compounds, while soxhlet ones exhibited higher antiradical and reducing power capacities. Besides, the analysis of variance disclosed that the effect of extraction method (E) was the predominant contributor to these antioxidant properties than the physiological development stage (D) and their interaction (E × D). Chromatographic characterization of C. maritimum phenolic composition using the RP-HPLC revealed the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids with epigallocatechin as major component. Almost all of the identified compounds were described in the literature as interesting bioactive natural substances that may be used in several fields, such as nutraceuticals, cosmetics and agro-food industry.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- AlCl3·6H2O:
-
Aluminum chloride hexahydrate solution
- AscA:
-
Ascorbic acid
- CE:
-
Catechin equivalents
- DPPH:
-
2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- EC50 (μg/ml):
-
Effective concentration at which the absorbance was 0.5
- FeCl3 :
-
Iron(III)chloride anhydrous
- GAE:
-
Gallic acid equivalents
- HCl:
-
Hydrochloric acid
- IC50 (μg/ml):
-
Inhibiting concentration of 50% of the synthetic radical DPPH
- K3Fe (CN)6 :
-
Potassium ferricyanide (III)
- mg CE g−1 DW:
-
Milligram catechin equivalent per gram dry weight
- mg GAE g−1 DW:
-
Milligram gallic acid equivalent per gram dry weight
- Na2CO3 :
-
Sodium carbonate anhydrous
- NaNO2 :
-
Sodium nitrite
- NaOH:
-
Sodium hydroxide
- RP-HPLC:
-
Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography
- TCA:
-
Trichloroacetic acid
References
Balasundram N, Sundram K, Samman S (2006) Phenolic compounds in plants and agri-industrial by products: antioxidant activity, occurrence, and potential uses. Food Chem 99:191–203
Ben Amor N, Ben hamed K, Debez A, Grignon C, Abdelly C (2005) Physiological and antioxidant responses of the perennial halophyte Crithmum maritimum to salinity. Plant Sci 168:889–899
Brzozwska J, Hanower P (1976) Sur les composés phénoliques des végétaux et leurs rapports avec un déficit hydrique chez des cotonniers. Ann Univ Abidjan, ser C (Sci) 12:65–87
Cai YZ, Sun M, Xing J, Luo Q, Cork H (2006) Structure–radical scavenging activity relationships of phenolic compounds from traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Life Sci 78:2872–2888
D’Archivio M, Filesi C, Di Benedetto R, Gargiulo R, Giovannini C, Masella R (2007) Polyphenols, dietary sources and bioavailability. Ann Ist Super Sanità 43:348–361
Dewanto V, Wu X, Adom KK, Liu RH (2002) Thermal processing enhances the nutritional value of tomatoes by increasing total antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem 50:3010–3014
Dimitrios B (2006) Sources of natural phenolics antioxidants. Trends Food Sci Technol 17:505–512
Dobashi Y, Hirano T, Hirano M, Ohkatsu Y (2008) Antioxidant and photo-antioxidant abilities of catechins. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 197:141–148
Hanato T, Kagawa H, Yasuhara T, Okuda T (1988) Two new flavonoids and other constituents in licorice root: their relative astringency and radical scavenging effects. Chem Pharm Bull 36:2090–2097
Hayouni EA, Abedrabba M, Bouix M, Hamdi M (2007) The effects of solvents and extraction method on the phenolics contents and biological activities in vitro of Tunisian Quercus coccifera L. and Juniperus phoenicea L. fruit extracts. Food Chem 105:1126–1134
Hemwimon S, Pavasant P, Shotipruk A (2007) Microwave-assisted extraction of antioxidative anthraquinones from roots of Morinda citrifolia. Sep Purif Technol 54:44–50
Jaleel CA, Ksouri R, Gopia R, Manivannan P, Jallali I, Al Juburi HJ, Chang Xing Z, Hong-Bo S, Panneerselvam R (2009) Antioxidant defense responses: physiological plasticity in higher plants under abiotic constraints. Acta Physiol Plant 31:427–436
Karray N, Ksouri R, Falleh H, Rabhi M, Jaleel CA, Grignon C, Lachâal M (2010) Effects of environment and development stage on phenolic content and antioxidant activities of Mentha pulegium L. J Food Biochem 34:79–89
Kauss T, Rambert J, Brajot S, Thiolat D, Fawaz F, Mossalayi MD (2007) Effet anti-inflammatoire des flavonols: exemple de la rutine. Bull Soc Pharm 146:326
Koyama K, Goto-Yamamoto N, Hashizume K (2007) Influence of maceration temperature in red wine vinification on extraction of phenolics from berry skin and seeds of grape (Vitis vinifera). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71:958–965
Ksouri R, Megdiche W, Falleh H, Trabelsi N, Boulâaba M, Smaoui A, Abdelly C (2008) Influence of biological, environmental and technical factors on phenolic and antioxidant activities of Tunisian halophytes. C R Biol 331:865–873
Lo Scalzo R (2010) Measurement of free radical scavenging activity of gallic acid and unusual antioxidants as sugars and hydroxy acids. Electron J Environ Agric Food Chem 9(8):1360–1371
Macheix JJ, Fleuriet A, Jay-Allemand C (2005) Les composes phénoliques des végétaux, un exemple de métabolites secondaires d’importance économique. Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes, Lausanne
Maisuthisakul P, Suttajit M, Pongsawatmanit R (2007) Assessment of phenolic content and free radical-scavenging capacity of some Thai indigenous plants. Food Chem 100:1409–1418
Maleš Ž, Žuntar I, Nigović B, Plazibat M, Vundać VB (2003) Quantitative analysis of the polyphenols of the aerial parts of rock samphire Crithmum maritimum L. Acta Pharm 53:139–144
Moore J, Liu JG, Zhou K, Yu L (2006) Effects of genotype and environment on the antioxidant properties of hard winter wheat bran. J Agric Food Chem 54:5313–5322
Naczka M, Shahidi F (2004) Extraction and analysis of phenolics in food. J Chromatogr A 1054:95–111
Oyaizu M (1986) Studies on products of browning reaction: antioxidative activity of products of browning reaction. Jpn J Nutr 44:307–315
Packer L, Rimbach G, Virgili F (1999) Antioxidant activity and biologic properties of a procyanidin-rich extract from pine (Pinus maritima) bark, pycnogenol. Free Radic Biol Med 27:704–724
Plouguerné E, Le Lann K, Connan S, Jechoux G, Deslandes E, Stiger-Pouvreau V (2006) Spatial and seasonal variation in density, reproductive status, length and phenolic content of the invasive brown macroalga Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt along the coast of Western Brittany (France). Aquat Bot 85:337–344
Renard C, Dupont N, Guillermin P (2007) Concentrations and characteristics of procyanidins and other phenolics in apples during fruit growth. Phytochem 68(8):1128–1138
Rice-Evans CA, Miller NJ, Paganga G (1995) Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free Radic Biol Med 20:933–956
Romanik G, Gilgenast E, Przyjazny A, Kamiński M (2007) Techniques of preparing plant material for chromatographic separation and analysis. J Biochem Biophys Methods 70:253–261
Ruenroengklin N, Zhong J, Duan X, Yang B, Li J, Jiang Y (2008) Effects of various temperatures and pH values on the extraction yield of phenolics from Litchi fruit pericarp, tissue and the antioxidant activity of the extracted anthocyanins. Int J Mol Sci 9:1333–1341
Santhiago M, Peralta RA, Neves A, Micke GA, Vieira IC (2008) Rosmarinic acid determination using biomimetic sensor based on purple acid phosphatase mimetic. Anal Chim Acta 613:91–97
Shi Ong E, Si Han Cheong J, Goh D (2006) Pressurized hot water extraction of bioactive or marker compounds in botanicals and medicinal plant materials. J Chromatogr A 1112:92–102
Suhaj M (2006) Spice antioxidants isolation and their antiradical activity: a review. J Food Compos Anal 19:531–537
Tawaha K, Alal FQ, Gharaibeh M, Mohammad M, El-Elimat T (2007) Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of selected Jordanian plant species. Food Chem 104:1372–1378
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (LR10CBBC02).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by L. Bavaresco.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jallali, I., Megdiche, W., M’Hamdi, B. et al. Changes in phenolic composition and antioxidant activities of the edible halophyte Crithmum maritimum L. with physiological stage and extraction method. Acta Physiol Plant 34, 1451–1459 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-012-0943-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-012-0943-9