Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Binge Eating, Loss of Control over Eating, Emotional Eating, and Night Eating After Bariatric Surgery: Results from the Toronto Bari-PSYCH Cohort Study

  • Original Contributions
  • Published:
Obesity Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objectives

We explored the severity of binge eating, loss of control over eating, emotional eating, and night eating before bariatric surgery and annually for 3 years following surgery. We also assessed the impact of post-operative eating psychopathology on weight outcomes.

Methods

Eight hundred forty-four patients participated in this prospective cohort study. Demographic factors, self-report measures of eating pathology (BES, NEQ, EES, EDE-Q), and weights (kg) were collected pre-surgery and annually for 3 years after surgery.

Results

The severity of problematic eating behaviors decreased after surgery and remained lower than baseline throughout follow-up. An increase was noted in binge eating scores (change in mean score ± SD = 0.85 ± 4.71; p = 0.002), emotional eating scores (2.00 ± 13.63; p = 0.033), and loss of control eating scores (1.11 ± 7.01; p < 0.001) after the first post-operative year that continued to the third post-operative year. There was also an increase in night eating scores between 2 and 3 years post-surgery (2.52 ± 8.00; p = 0.01). Higher 1-year post-operative binge eating scores were a significant predictor of lower 2-year % total weight loss (β = − 0.39, confidence interval (CI) − 1.23, − 0.16, p = 0.012).

Conclusions

The severity of problematic eating behaviors decrease after bariatric surgery, but increase significantly between the first and third post-operative years. Binge Eating Scale score at 1 year post-surgery was the only significant predictor of reduced percent total weight loss at 2 years. Additional prospective studies with adequate power are required to assess the progression of these eating pathologies beyond 3 years and their impact on weight outcomes beyond 2 years.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

SD:

standard deviation

CI:

confidence interval

β:

standardized beta (coefficient beta standardized to unit of standard deviation)

References

  1. Sjostrom L. Review of the key results from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) trial—a prospective controlled intervention study of bariatric surgery. J Intern Med. 2013;273(3):219–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12012.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Sjostrom L, Lindroos AK, Peltonen M, et al. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(26):2683–93. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa035622.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Conceicao EM, Utzinger LM, Pisetsky EM. Eating disorders and problematic eating behaviours before and after bariatric surgery: characterization, assessment and association with treatment outcomes. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23(6):417–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2397.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. de Zwaan M, Marschollek M, Allison KC. The night eating syndrome (NES) in bariatric surgery patients. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23:426–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Kruseman M, Leimgruber A, Zumbach F, et al. Dietary, weight, and psychological changes among patients with obesity, 8 years after gastric bypass. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(4):527–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2009.12.028.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Sarwer DB, Moore RH, Spitzer JC, et al. A pilot study investigating the efficacy of postoperative dietary counseling to improve outcomes after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012;8(5):561–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2012.02.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Grazing and loss of control related to eating: two high-risk factors following bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2008;16(3):615–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Mitchell JE, Christian NJ, Flum DR, et al. Postoperative behavioral variables and weight change 3 years after bariatric surgery. JAMA Surg. 2016;151(8):752–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2016.0395.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Devlin MJ, King WC, Kalarchian MA, et al. Eating pathology and experience and weight loss in a prospective study of bariatric surgery patients: 3-year follow-up. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2016;49(12):1058–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22578.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Opolski M, Chur-Hansen A, Wittert G. The eating-related behaviours, disorders and expectations of candidates for bariatric surgery. Clin Obes. 2015;5:165–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Fischer S, Chen E, Katterman S, et al. Emotional eating in a morbidly obese bariatric surgery-seeking population. Obes Surg. 2007;17(6):778–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-007-9143-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Crowley NM, Lepage ML, Goldman RL, et al. The food craving questionnaire-trait in a bariatric surgery seeking population and ability to predict post-surgery weight loss at six months. Eat Behav. 2012;13(4):366–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2012.07.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Castellini G, Godini L, Amedei SG, et al. Psychological effects and outcome predictors of three bariatric surgery interventions: a 1-year follow-up study. Eat Weight Disord. 2014;19(2):217–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-014-0123-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Pitzul KB, Jackson T, Crawford S, et al. Understanding disposition after referral for bariatric surgery: when and why patients referred do not undergo surgery. Obes Surg. 2014;24(1):134–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-013-1083-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Sockalingam S, Hawa R, Wnuk S, et al. Psychosocial predictors of quality of life and weight loss two years after bariatric surgery: results from the Toronto Bari-PSYCH study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2017;47:7–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.04.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Fairburn CG, Beglin SJ. Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self-report questionnaire? Int J Eat Disord. 1994;16:363–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kalarchian MA, Terence Wilson G, Brolin RE, et al. Assessment of eating disorders in bariatric surgery candidates: self-report questionnaire versus interview. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2000;28(4):465–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(200012)28:4<465::AID-EAT17>3.0.CO;2-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Elder KA, Grilo CM, Masheb RM, et al. Comparison of two self-report instruments for assessing binge eating in bariatric surgery candidates. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44(4):545–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.04.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Royal S, Wnuk S, Warwick K, et al. Night eating and loss of control over eating in bariatric surgery candidates. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2015;22(1):14–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-014-9411-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Gormally J, Black S, Daston S, et al. The assessment of binge eating severity among obese persons. Addict Behav. 1982;7(1):47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(82)90024-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hood MM, Grupski AE, Hall BJ, et al. Factor structure and predictive utility of the Binge Eating Scale in bariatric surgery candidates. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013;9(6):942–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2012.06.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Arnow B, Kenardy J, Agras WS. The Emotional Eating Scale: the development of a measure to assess coping with negative affect by eating. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 1995;18:79–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Allison KC, Lundgren JD, O’Reardon JP, et al. The Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ): psychometric properties of a measure of severity of the night eating syndrome. Eat Behav. 2008;9(1):62–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2007.03.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Karmali S, Brar B, Shi X, et al. Weight recidivism post-bariatric surgery: a systematic review. Obes Surg. 2013;23(11):1922–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-013-1070-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ivezaj V, Kessler EE, Lydecker JA, et al. Loss-of-control eating following sleeve gastrectomy surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13(3):392–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2016.09.028.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Livhits M, Mercado C, Yermilov I, et al. Behavioral factors associated with successful weight loss after gastric bypass. Am Surg. 2010;76(10):1139–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Meany G, Conceicao E, Mitchell JE. Binge eating, binge eating disorder and loss of control eating: effects on weight outcomes after bariatric surgery. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2014;22(2):87–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2273.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Powers PS, Perez A, Boyd F, et al. Eating pathology before and after bariatric surgery: a prospective study. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 1999;25(3):293–300. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199904)25:3<293::AID-EAT7>3.0.CO;2-G.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sheets CS, Peat CM, Berg KC, et al. Post-operative psychosocial predictors of outcome in bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2015;25(2):330–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-014-1490-9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Cooper TC, Simmons EB, Webb K, et al. Trends in weight regain following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2015;25(8):1474–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-014-1560-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Shantavasinkul PC, Omotosho P, Corsino L, et al. Predictors of weight regain in patients who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016;12(9):1640–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2016.08.028.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Blomquist KK, Roberto CA, Barnes RD, et al. Development and validation of the eating loss of control scale. Psychol Assess. 2014;26(1):77–89. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034729.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Latner JD, Mond JM, Kelly MC, et al. The loss of control over eating scale: development and psychometric evaluation. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2014;47(6):647–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22296.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the patients who participated in the study.

Funding

This study received program funding support from the Ontario Bariatric Network and Ministry of Health and Long-Term Health Care in Ontario.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Yasmin Nasirzadeh

  2. Bariatric Surgery Program, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Karin Kantarovich, Susan Wnuk, Allan Okrainec, Raed Hawa & Sanjeev Sockalingam

  3. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Susan Wnuk, Allan Okrainec, Stephanie E. Cassin, Raed Hawa & Sanjeev Sockalingam

  4. Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Susan Wnuk, Stephanie E. Cassin, Raed Hawa & Sanjeev Sockalingam

  5. Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Allan Okrainec

  6. Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Stephanie E. Cassin

  7. Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street-8EN-228, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada

    Sanjeev Sockalingam

Authors
  1. Yasmin Nasirzadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Karin Kantarovich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Susan Wnuk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Allan Okrainec
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Stephanie E. Cassin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Raed Hawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Sanjeev Sockalingam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sanjeev Sockalingam.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Statement

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nasirzadeh, Y., Kantarovich, K., Wnuk, S. et al. Binge Eating, Loss of Control over Eating, Emotional Eating, and Night Eating After Bariatric Surgery: Results from the Toronto Bari-PSYCH Cohort Study. OBES SURG 28, 2032–2039 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-018-3137-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-018-3137-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation