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Morphological Differentiation in the Damselfish Abudefduf saxatilis Along the Mexican Atlantic Coast is Associated with Environmental Factors and High Connectivity

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Abstract

Coastal regions represent environments with heterogenic ecological conditions and with potential barriers to dispersal, making them ideal systems to study the variation of morphology and genetics of the organisms inhabiting them. Using individuals of the damselfish Abudefduf saxatilis from the three main reef systems along the Mexican Atlantic coast, we examined genetic and environmental variation to evaluate their relative contribution to body and head shape, and body size. We determined if there was a relationship between morphological variation and environmental factors and whether morphological, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and microsatellite variation were concordant. We found morphological differences among A. saxatilis individuals from the Tuxpan, Veracruz and Mexican Caribbean reef systems. Differences in body and head shape involved positions of pectoral fins and mouth. Individuals from Tuxpan and Veracruz were larger than those from the Mexican Caribbean. Furthermore, we found a significant correlation between shape (body and head) and environmental variables (chlorophyll-a, geostrophic velocity and temperature) as well as between body size and chlorophyll-a concentration. Both mtDNA and microsatellite markers detected high levels of genetic diversity and lack of population genetic differentiation among reefs, reef systems and between marine regions. We did not find a correlation between morphological and genetic differentiation. Our results suggest that the phenotypic differences of A. saxatilis along the Mexican Atlantic coast may be determined by environmental factors in the presence of gene flow.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Rogelio Macías-Ordóñez, Borja Mila and Molly Morris for valuable comments on earlier versions of this work. Arturo Serrano-Solis and Horacio Perez-España provided logistic support in Tuxpan and Veracruz respectively. We are grateful to Ismael Valdivieso for his help in the field, to Roger Guevara for statistical assistance, to Cristina Barcenas and Denisse Maldonado for laboratory assistance, and to Israel Lorea for his help with the maps. The Comisión Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP) also provided logistic support in Contoy Island, Cozumel Island and Sian Ka’an. Sara Lariza Rivera made the A. saxatilis drawing. This work was supported by a Sigma Xi Grant (G2009151270) to VJP and a Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) Grant (134804) to ORC. VJP was supported by a Doctoral scholarship (20163) from CONACyT. Collecting permits (DGOPA/00327/250110.0195, 07510/220911/2718) were granted by the Comisión Nacional de Acuacultura y Pesca (CONAPESCA).

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  1. Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec # 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

    Victor J. Piñeros, Oscar Rios-Cardenas & Carla Gutiérrez-Rodríguez

  2. Laboratorio de Ecología de la Conducta, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Avenida Francisco J. Múgica S/N, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico

    Luis Mendoza-Cuenca

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  1. Victor J. Piñeros
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Correspondence to Oscar Rios-Cardenas.

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Piñeros, V.J., Rios-Cardenas, O., Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, C. et al. Morphological Differentiation in the Damselfish Abudefduf saxatilis Along the Mexican Atlantic Coast is Associated with Environmental Factors and High Connectivity. Evol Biol 42, 235–249 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-015-9314-y

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