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The Common Occurrence of Theileria ovis in Tibetan Sheep and the First Report of Theileria sinensis in Yaks from Southern Qinghai, China

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Abstract

Purpose

The tick-borne protozoa piroplasms, including Theileria and Babesia, are the cause of substantial economic losses to the livestock industry. However, in southern Qinghai province, China, there are limited information on the molecular characteristics of piroplasms. This study therefore aimed at determining the prevalence and genetic diversity of piroplasms.

Methods

In order to detect piroplasms, we examined 330 yaks and 236 Tibetan sheep blood samples by nested PCR. The differences in piroplasms prevalence in relation to different risk factors was analyzed using SPSS 26. Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rRNA sequences was inferred using MEGA 7.

Results

During this study, Theileria spp. were detected in 33.6% (111/330) of yaks and 94.1% (222/236) of Tibetan sheep, but no Babesia was identified. Importantly, a comparison study revealed that T. ovis infection was highly prevalent in sheep (94.1%) but infrequent in yaks (6.1%), while T. sinensis was host-specific to yaks with an infection rate of 27.6%. In addition, male animals were more likely to be infected by T. sinensis and female animals were more likely to be infected by T. ovis. And animals below 4000 m areas reported a higher infection rate with T. sinensis (26.1% vs. 2.9%, p < 0.001). Alongside these differences in prevalence, we found a significantly higher T. sinensis infection rate in separated-grazing livestock (22.2% vs. 3.7%, p < 0.001), while mixed-grazing ruminants had a higher T. ovis infection rate (50.0% vs. 39.0%, p = 0.014). Furthermore, sequence analysis revealed that the 18S rRNA sequences obtained in this study shared 86.9–100.0% identities with each other and they were clustered into T. sinensis or T. ovis.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. sinensis in Qinghai region. In addition, high prevalence of the generally sub-clinical T. ovis in sheep indicates extensive exposure to ticks and transmission of tick-borne pathogens with a significant economic impact. This study provides insights into the distribution and genetic diversity of Theileria in China.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Regular Assistance Project of the International Department of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant Numbers KY201904013); the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Numbers CZBZX-1); the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, China. We are very grateful for the cooperation of the local herdsmen and the full assistance of the veterinary staff in Yu Shu, Qu Ma Lai, Zhi Duo, Ma Qin, Da Ri, and Ban Ma during the sample collection process.

Funding

This work was supported by the Regular Assistance Project of International Department of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant Numbers KY201904013); the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Numbers CZBZX-1); the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, China.

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  1. Ye Wang, Bo Wang and Qingxun Zhang are contributed equally to this study.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China

    Ye Wang, Bo Wang, Qingxun Zhang, Ziwen Yang, Shuyi Han, Guohui Yuan & Hongxuan He

  2. College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Bo Wang & Ziwen Yang

  3. College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China

    Ying Li

  4. Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China

    Shuangling Wang

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Contributions

HXH took the lead in designing and performing the study. YW and QXZ designed the study in detail. YW, QXZ and YL performed the sample collection. YW, SLW, ZWY and BW performed the DNA extraction and PCR, YW and BW analyzed the data. BW wrote the manuscript. BW, QXZ, WY, SYH and GHY revised the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

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Correspondence to Hongxuan He.

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Wang, Y., Wang, B., Zhang, Q. et al. The Common Occurrence of Theileria ovis in Tibetan Sheep and the First Report of Theileria sinensis in Yaks from Southern Qinghai, China. Acta Parasit. 66, 1177–1185 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-021-00381-9

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