Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Low-Temperature Bainite: A Thermal Stability Study

  • Published:
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The thermal stability of nanobainitic structures obtained by heat treating two different high-carbon high-silicon steels at temperatures between 200 °C and 600 °C has been investigated by means of three complementary techniques, i.e., field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and high-resolution dilatometry. Three main stages have been established, each of them characterized by a distinctive microstructure. Furthermore, the nanocrystalline structure generated by the bainite reaction confers the steel with an extraordinary tempering resistance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Bainite in Steels: Theory and Practice, 3 ed., Maney Publishing, Leeds, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  2. [2] C. Garcia-Mateo and F.G. Caballero: ISIJ Int., 2005, vol. 45, pp. 1736-40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. C. Garcia-Mateo and F.G. Caballero: Understanding the Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Bainite, in: M. Aliofkhazraei (Ed.) Handbook of Mechanical Nanostructuring, Wiley, Germany, 2015, pp. 35-65.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. [4] K. Rakha, H. Beladi, I. Timokhina, X. Xiong, S. Kabra, K.-D. Liss and P. Hodgson: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, vol. 589, pp. 303-09.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. [5] X.L. Xing, X.M. Yuan, Y.F. Zhou, X.W. Qi, X. Lu, T.H. Xing, X.J. Ren and Q.X. Yang: Surf. Coat. Technol., 2017, vol. 325, pp. 462-72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. [6] M. Zhang, T.S. Wang, Y.H. Wang, J. Yang and F.C. Zhang: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, vol. 568, pp. 123-26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. F. Hu, K.M. Wu, X.L. Wan, I. Rodionova, A.A. Shirzadi, and F.C. Zhang: Mater. Sci. Technol., 2017, pp. 1–6.

  8. J. Zhao, C.S. Hou, G. Zhao, T. Zhao, F.C. Zhang, and T.S. Wang: J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2016, pp. 1–7.

  9. [9] H. Nishijima, Y. Tomota, Y. Su, W. Gong and J.-i. Suzuki: Metals, 2016, vol. 6, pp. 16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. [10] M. Kabirmohammadi, B. Avishan and S. Yazdani: Mater. Chem. Phys., 2016, vol. 184, pp. 306-17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. [11] T. Jiang, H. Liu, J. Sun, S. Guo and Y. Liu: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, vol. 666, pp. 207-13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. [12] I.A. Yakubtsov and G.R. Purdy: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2011, vol. 43, pp. 437-46.

    Google Scholar 

  13. C. Garcia-Mateo and F.G. Caballero: in Encyclopedia of Iron, Steel, and Their Alloys, Taylor & Francis, 2016, pp. 1–14.

  14. F.G. Caballero, L. Morales-Rivas and C. Garcia-Mateo: in Encyclopedia of Iron, Steel, and Their Alloys, Taylor & Francis, 2016, pp. 3077–87.

  15. [15] C. Garcia-Mateo, F.G. Caballero, M.K. Miller and J.A. Jimenez: J. Mater. Sci., 2012, vol. 47, pp. 1004-10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. [16] F.G. Caballero, M.K. Miller and C. Garcia-Mateo: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2011, vol. 42A, pp. 3660-68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. [17] F.G. Caballero, H.-W. Yen, M.K. Miller, J. Cornide, H.-T. Chang, C. Garcia-Mateo and J.-R. Yang: Mater. Charact., 2014, vol. 88, pp. 15-20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. M.J. Peet, S.S. Babu, M.K. Miller, and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2017, pp. 1–9.

  19. [19] C. Garcia-Mateo, M. Peet, F.G. Caballero and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Mater. Sci. Technol., 2004, vol. 20, pp. 814-18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. [20] A.S. Podder, I. Lonardelli, A. Molinari and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Proc. R. Soc. A, 2011, vol. 467, pp. 3141-56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. [21] F.G. Caballero, M.K. Miller, C. Garcia-Mateo, C. Capdevila and S.S. Babu: Acta Mater., 2008, vol. 56, pp. 188-99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. F.G. Caballero, C. Garcia-Mateo, and T. Sourmail: in Encyclopedia of Iron, Steel, and Their Alloys, Taylor & Francis, 2016, pp. 271–90.

  23. [23] C. Garcia-Mateo, T. Sourmail, F.G. Caballero, V. Smanio, M. Kuntz, C. Ziegler, A. Leiro, E. Vuorinen, R. Elvira and T. Teeri: Mater. Sci. Technol., 2014, vol. 30, pp. 1071-78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. [24] C. Garcia-Mateo, F.G. Caballero, T. Sourmail, J. Cornide, V. Smanio and R. Elvira: Met. Mater. Int., 2014, vol. 20, pp. 405-15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia and R.W.K. Honeycombe: Steels: Microstructure and Properties, Butterworths-Heinemann (Elsevier), 2006.

  26. [26] C. Garcia-Mateo, F.G. Caballero, T. Sourmail, V. Smanio and C. Garcia de Andres: Int. J. Mater. Res., 2014, vol. 105, pp. 725-34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. T. Sourmail, V. Smanio, C. Ziegler, V. Heuer, M. Kuntz, F.G. Caballero, C. Garcia-Mateo, J. Cornide, R. Elvira, A. Leiro, E. Vuorinen, and T. Teeri: Novel nanostructured bainitic steel grades to answer the need for high-performance steel components (Nanobain). RFSR-CT-2008-00022, European Commission, Luxembourg, 2013.

  28. [28] H. Stuart and N. Ridley: J. Iron Steel Inst., 1966, vol. 204, pp. 711-17.

    Google Scholar 

  29. [29] H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, S.A. David, J.M. Vitek and R.W. Reed: Mater. Sci. Technol., 1991, vol. 7, pp. 686-98.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. [30] C. Garcia-Mateo, F.G. Caballero, C. Capdevila and C. Garcia de Andres: Scr. Mater., 2009, vol. 61, pp. 855-58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. [31] A. Saha Podder and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, vol. 527, pp. 2121-28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. [32] T. Waterschoot, K. Verbeken and B.C. De Cooman: ISIJ Int., 2006, vol. 46, pp. 138-46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. [33] D. Balzar and H. Ledbetter: J. Appl. Crystallogr., 1993, vol. 26, pp. 97-103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. [34] C. Garcia-Mateo, J.A. Jimenez, H.W. Yen, M.K. Miller, L. Morales-Rivas, M. Kuntz, S.P. Ringer, J.R. Yang and F.G. Caballero: Acta Mater., 2015, vol. 91, pp. 162-73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. A.S.T.M. International, Practice for X-ray Determination of Retained Austenite in Steel with Near Random Crystallographic Orientation, 2013.

  36. [36] M. Jarvinen: Textures and Microstructures, 1996, vol. 26-27, pp. 93-101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. [37] D.J. Dyson and B. Holmes: J. Iron Steel Inst., 1970, vol. 208, pp. 469-74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. [38] C. Garcia-Mateo and F.G. Caballero: Mater. Trans. JIM, 2005, vol. 46, pp. 1839-46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. [39] R.D. Arnell, K.A. Ridal and J. Durnin: J. Iron Steel Inst., 1968, vol. 206, pp. 1035-&.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. N.P. Laboratory, MTDATA, Teddington, Middlesex, 2003.

  41. [41] C. Garcia-Mateo, J.A. Jimenez, B. Lopez-Ezquerra, R. Rementeria, L. Morales-Rivas, M. Kuntz and F.G. Caballero: Mater. Charact., 2016, vol. 122, pp. 83-89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. [42] C. Garcia-Mateo, F. Caballero and H. Bhadeshia: ISIJ Int., 2003, vol. 43, pp. 1238-43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. [43] C. Garcia-Mateo, F. Caballero and H. Bhadeshia: ISIJ Int., 2003, vol. 43, pp. 1821-25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. [44] J. Cornide, C. Garcia-Mateo, C. Capdevila and F.G. Caballero: J. Alloys Compd., 2013, vol. 577, pp. S43-S47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. [45] C. Garcia-Mateo, F.G. Caballero, T. Sourmail, M. Kuntz, J. Cornide, V. Smanio and R. Elvira: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2012, vol. 549, pp. 185-92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Bainite in Steels. Transformations, Microstructure and Properties, 2nd ed., Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, London, 2001.

  47. [47] C.N. Hulme-Smith, M.J. Peet, I. Lonardelli, A.C. Dippel and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Mater. Sci. Technol., 2015, vol. 31, pp. 254-56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. [48] J.H. Jang, H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia and D.-W. Suh: Scr. Mater., 2013, vol. 68, pp. 195-98.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. [49] H.J. Stone, M.J. Peet, H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, P.J. Withers, S.S. Babu and E.D. Specht: Proc. R. Soc. A, 2008, vol. 464, pp. 1009-27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. [50] H.S. Hasan, M.J. Peet and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Int. J. Mater. Res., 2012, vol. 103, pp. 1319-24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. [51] H.S. Hasan, M.J. Peet, M.N. Avettand-Fènoël and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, vol. 615, pp. 340-47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. [52] F.G. Caballero, M.K. Miller and C. Garcia-Mateo: J. Mater. Sci., 2008, vol. 43, pp. 3769-74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. [53] F. Hu, K. Wu, T. Hou and A.A. Shirzadi: ISIJ Int., 2014, vol. 54, pp. 926-31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. [54] F. Hu, K.M. Wu, T.P. Hou and A.A. Shirzadi: Mater. Sci. Technol., 2013, vol. 29, pp. 947-53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. [55] J. Speer, D.K. Matlock, B.C. De Cooman and J.G. Schroth: Acta Mater., 2003, vol. 51, pp. 2611-22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. [56] G. Krauss: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1999, vol. 273–275, pp. 40-57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. [57] M. Kehoe and P.M. Kelly: Scr. Metall., 1970, vol. 4, pp. 473-76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. [58] L.A. Norstrom: Scand. J. Metall., 1976, vol. 5, pp. 159-65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. [59] R.E. Smallman and K.H. Westmacott: Philos. Mag., 1957, vol. 2, pp. 669-83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. [60] G. Dini, R. Ueji, A. Najafizadeh and S.M. Monir-Vaghefi: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, vol. 527, pp. 2759-63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. [61] F.G. Caballero, M.K. Miller, C. Garcia-Mateo, J. Cornide and M.J. Santofimia: Scr. Mater., 2012, vol. 67, pp. 846-49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. [62] F.G. Caballero, H.-W. Yen, M.K. Miller, J.-R. Yang, J. Cornide and C. Garcia-Mateo: Acta Mater., 2011, vol. 59, pp. 6117-23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. [63] F.G. Caballero, M.K. Miller and C. Garcia-Mateo: Acta Mater., 2010, vol. 58, pp. 2338-43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. [64] F.G. Caballero, M.K. Miller and C. Garcia-Mateo: Mater. Sci. Technol., 2010, vol. 26, pp. 889-98.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. [65] G.K. Williamson and W.H. Hall: Acta Metall., 1953, vol. 1, pp. 22-31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. [66] D. Kalish and M. Cohen: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1970, vol. 6, pp. 156-66.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. [67] F. G. Caballero, C. Garcia-Mateo and C.G. de Andres: Mater. Trans. JIM, 2005, vol. 46, pp. 581-86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. [68] L. Cheng, C.M. Brakman, B.M. Korevaar and E.J. Mittemeijer: Metall. Trans. A, 1988, vol. 19, pp. 2415-26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. [69] J. Hoyos, A. Ghilarducci, H. Salva and J. Velez: Procedia Materials Science, 2012, vol. 1, pp. 185-90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. [70] H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia and D.V. Edmonds: Met. Sci., 1983, vol. 17, pp. 411-19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. [71] S.J. Lee, M.T. Lusk and Y.K. Lee: Acta Mater., 2007, vol. 55, pp. 875-82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support for this work by the Research Fund for Coal and Steel under the Contracts RFSR-CT-2014-00016 and RFSR-CT-2016-754070. The authors also acknowledge the supports of the following laboratories at CENIM, X ray diffraction, Metallography and Phase Transformations, and thank Dr. Irene Llorente and Mr. Javier Vara, and the rest of technical staff for their valuable help with the measurements.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. MATERALIA Group, Department of Physical Metallurgy, Spanish National Center for Metallurgical Research (CENIM-CSIC), Avda. Gregorio del Amo 8, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Miguel A. Santajuana, Rosalia Rementeria, Jose A. Jimenez, Francisca G. Caballero & Carlos Garcia-Mateo

  2. Robert-Bosch GmbH, Materials and Process Engineering Metals, Renningen, 70465, Stuttgart, Germany

    Matthias Kuntz

Authors
  1. Miguel A. Santajuana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rosalia Rementeria
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Matthias Kuntz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jose A. Jimenez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Francisca G. Caballero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Carlos Garcia-Mateo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carlos Garcia-Mateo.

Additional information

Manuscript submitted October 19, 2017.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Santajuana, M.A., Rementeria, R., Kuntz, M. et al. Low-Temperature Bainite: A Thermal Stability Study. Metall Mater Trans A 49, 2026–2036 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4595-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4595-2

Search

Navigation