Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Sea-level rise vulnerability in the countries of the Coral Triangle

  • Special Feature: Technical Report
  • Vulnerability, risk, and adaptation in a changing climate
  • Published:
Sustainability Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Sea-level rise is a major threat facing the Coral Triangle countries in the twenty-first century. Assessments of vulnerability and adaptation that consider the interactions among natural and social systems are critical to identifying habitats and communities vulnerable to sea-level rise and for supporting the development of adaptation strategies. This paper presents such an assessment using the DIVA model and identifies vulnerable coastal regions and habitats in Coral Triangle countries at national and sub-national levels (administrative provinces). The following four main sea-level rise impacts are assessed in ecological, social and economic terms over the twenty-first century: (1) coastal wetland change, (2) increased coastal flooding, (3) increased coastal erosion, and (4) saltwater intrusion into estuaries and deltas. The results suggest that sea-level rise will significantly affect coastal regions and habitats in the Coral Triangle countries, but the impacts will differ across the region in terms of people flooded annually, coastal wetland change and loss, and damage and adaptation costs. Indonesia is projected to be most affected by coastal flooding, with nearly 5.9 million people expected to experience flooding annually in 2100 assuming no adaptation. However, if adaptation is considered, this number is significantly reduced. By the end of the century, coastal wetland loss is most significant for Indonesia in terms of total area lost, but the Solomon Islands are projected to experience the greatest relative loss of coastal wetlands. Damage costs associated with sea-level rise are highest in the Philippines (US $6.5 billion/year) and lowest in the Solomon Islands (US $70,000/year). Adaptation is estimated to reduce damage costs significantly, in particular for the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia (between 68 and 99%). These results suggest that the impacts of sea-level rise are likely to be widespread in the region and adaptation measures must be broadly applied.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abidin HZ, Andreas H, Djaja R, Darmawan D, Gamal M (2008) Land subsidence characteristics of Jakarta between 1997 and 2005, as estimated using GPS surveys. GPS Solut 12(1):23–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aldhous P (2004) Borneo is burning. Nature 432:144–146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen GR (2007) Conservation hotspots of biodiversity and endemism for Indo-Pacific coral reef fishes. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 18(5):541–556

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alongi DM (2002) Present state and future of the world’s mangrove forests. Environ Conserv 29:331–349

    Google Scholar 

  • Amadore L, Bolhofer WC, Cruz RV, Feir RB, Freysinger CA, Guill S, Jalal KF, Iglesias A, Jose A, Leatherman S, Lenhart S, Mukherjee S, Smith JB, Wisniewski J (1996) Climate change vulnerability and adaptation in Asia and the Pacific: workshop summary. Water Air Soil Pollut 92:1–12

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arendt AA, Echelmeyer KA, Harrison WD, Lingle CS, Valentine VB (2002) Rapid wastage of Alaska glaciers and their contribution to rising sea level. Science 297:382–386

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnett J, Dessai S, Jones RN (2007) Vulnerability to climate variability and change in East Timor. Ambio 36(5):372–378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bellwood DR, Hughes TP, Connolly SR, Tanner J (2005) Environmental and geometric constraints on Indo-Pacific coral reef biodiversity. Ecol Lett 8:643–651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bindoff NL, Willebrand J, Artale V, Cazenave A, Gregory J, Gulev S, Hanawa K, Le Quéré C, Levitus S, Nojiri Y, Shum CK, Talley LD, Unnikrishnan A (2007) Observations: oceanic climate change and sea level. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds) Climate Change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Boehm P (2006) Global warning: devastation of an Atoll. The Independent, 30 August. http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/global-warning-devastation-of-an-atoll-413922

  • Briggs JC (2005) The marine East Indies: diversity and speciation. J Biogeogr 3:1517–1522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter KE, Springer VG (2005) The center of the center of marine shore fish biodiversity: the Philippine Islands. Environ Biol Fish 72:467–480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CIA (2009) The CIA World Factbook 2009. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/. Accesssed online June 2009

  • Cooper JAG, Pilkey OH (2004) Sea-level rise and shoreline retreat: time to abandon the Bruun Rule. Glob Planet Change 43(3–4):157–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz RV, Harasawa H, Lal M, Wu S, Anokhin Y, Punsalmaa B, Honda Y, Jafari M, Li C, Huu Ninh N (2007) Asia. In: Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE (eds) Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 469–506

    Google Scholar 

  • Dasgupta S, Laplante B, Meisner C, Wheeler D, Yan J (2007) The impact of sea-level rise on developing countries: a comparative analysis. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4136, February 2007, pp 51

  • Davies HL, Winn RD, KenGemar P (1996) Evolution of the Papuan Basin—a view from the orogen. In: Buchana PG (ed) Petroleum exploration, development and production in Papua New Guinea. In: Proceedings of the third Papua New Guinea petroleum convention. PNG Chamber of Mines and Petroleum, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. pp 53–62

  • DINAS-COAST Consortium (2006) DIVA 1.5.5. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany, CD-ROM

  • Douglas BC (1992) Global sea level acceleration. J Geophys Res 97(C8), 12699–12706

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas BC (2001) Sea-level change in the era of the recording tide gauges. In: Douglas BC, Kearney MS, Leatherman SP (eds) Sea-level rise: history and consequences. International geophysics series v. 75. Academic, San Diego, pp 37–64

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Earth Trends (2003) The environmental information portal. Coastal and marine ecosystems country profiles. http://earthtrends.wri.org/country_profiles/index.php?theme=1. Accessed online June 2009

  • Falorni G, Teles V, Vivoni ER, Bras RL, Amaratunga KS (2005) Analysis and characterization of the vertical accuracy of digital elevation models from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. J Geophys Res 110:F02005. doi:10.1029/2003JF000113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorokhovich Y, Voustianiouk A (2006) Accuracy assessment of the processed SRTM-based elevation data by CGIAR using field data from USA and Thailand and its relation to the terrain characteristics. Remote Sens Environ 104:409–415

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goudie A (ed) (1997) The human impact reader: readings and case studies, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp 496

  • Hamilton W (1979) Tectonics of the Indonesian region. US Geological Survey Prof. Paper 1078

  • Hamilton JM, Maddison DJ, Tol RSJ (2005a) Climate change and international tourism: a simulation study. Glob Environ Change 15(3):253–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton JM, Maddison DJ, Tol RSJ (2005b) The effects of climate change on international tourism. Clim Res 29:255–268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanebuth TJJ, Stattegger K, Grootes PM (2000) Rapid flooding of the Sunda Shelf: a late-glacial sea-level record. Science 288:1033–1035

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen JE (2007) Scientific reticence and sea-level rise. Environ Res Lett 2:024002. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/2/2/024002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey N (2006) Rates and impacts of global sea-level change. In: Glazer MP (ed) New frontiers in environmental research. Nova Science, New York, pp 3–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey N, Hilton M (2006) Approaches to coastal management in the Asia-Pacific Region. In: Harvey N (ed) Global change and integrated coastal management: the Asia-Pacific Region, Springer, Berlin, pp 39–66

  • Harvey N, Mimura N (2006) Importance of global change for coastal management in the Asia-Pacific Region. In: Harvey N (ed) Global change and integrated coastal management: the Asia-Pacific Region, Springer, Berlin, pp 1–15

  • Hastings DA, Dunbar PK, Elphingstone GM, Bootz M, Murakami H, Maruyama H, Masaharu H, Holland P, Payne J, Bryant NA, Logan TL, Muller JP, Schreier G, MacDonald JS (eds) (1999). The global land one-kilometer base elevation (GLOBE) digital elevation model, Version 1.0. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, CO. Digital data base on the World Wide Web (URL http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/topo/globe.html) and CD-ROMs

  • Hildreth RG, Gale MK (1995) Institutional and legal arrangements for coastal management in the Asia-Pacific Region. In: Hotta K, Dutton IM (eds) Coastal Management in the Asia-Pacific region: issues and Approaches. Japan International Marine Science and Technology Federation, Tokyo, pp 21–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinkel J, Klein RJT (2009) Integrating knowledge to assess coastal vulnerability to sea-level rise: the development of the DIVA Tool. Global Environ Change 19:384–395

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinschberger F, Malod JA, Rehault JP, Villeneuve M, Royer JY, Burhanuddin S (2005) Late Cenozoic geodyamic evolution of eastern Indonesia. Tectonophysics 404:91–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoozemans FJ, Marchand M, Pennekamp H (1993) Sea-level rise: a global vulnerability assessment: vulnerability assessments for population, coastal wetlands and rice production on a global scale. Delft Hydraulics and Rijkswaterstaat, Delft and The Hague, The Netherlands (revised edn)

  • IMAGE Team (2002) The IMAGE 2.2 implementation of the SRES scenarios. RIVM Rapport 481508018, CD-ROM, RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands

  • IPCC (1998) Watson RT, Zinyowera MC, Moss RH (eds) The regional impacts of climate change: an assessment of vulnerability. Special report of IPCC Working Group II Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

  • IPCC (2001) Climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability

  • IPCC (2007) Summary for policymakers. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Tignor KAM, Miller H (eds) Climate Change 2007a: the physical science basis. contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 996

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein RJT, Nicholls RJ (1999) Assessment of coastal vulnerability to climate change. Ambio 28(2):182–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein RJT, Nicholls RJ, Mimura N (1999) Coastal adaptation to climate change: can the IPCC Technical Guidelines be applied? Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Change 4:51–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Legra L, Li X, Peterson AT (2008) Biodiversity consequences of sea-level rise in New Guinea. Pac Conserv Biol 14:191–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Maaten R (2006) River effect. DINAS-COAST Consortium, 2006. Diva 1.5.5. Potsdam Institute for climate impact research, Potsdam, Germany, CD-ROM

  • Marfai MA, King L (2008) Potential vulnerability implications of coastal inundation due to sea-level rise for the coastal zone of Semarang city, Indonesia. Environ Geol 54:1235–1245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McFadden L, Nicholls RJ, Vafeidis AT, Tol RSJ (2007a) A methodology for modeling coastal space for global assessment. J Coast Res 23(4):911–920

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McFadden L, Spencer T, Nicholls RJ (2007b) Broad-scale modelling of coastal wetlands: what is required? Hydrobiologia 577:5–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meehl G, Stocker T, Collins W, Friedlingstein P, Gaye A, Gregory J, Kitoh A, Knutti R, Murphy J, Noda A, Raper S, Watterson I, Weaver A, Zhao ZC (2007) Global climate projections. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds) Climate Change 2007: the physical science basis. contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 747–846

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell W (2009) The South Pacific sea level and climate monitoring project: sea level data summary report, July 2008–June 2009. National Tidal Centre, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Australia

  • Moberg F, Rönnbäck P (2003) Ecosystem services of the tropical seascape: interactions, substitutions and restoration. Ocean Coast Manage 46:27–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morley RJ (2000) Origin and evolution of tropical rain forests. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakicenovic N, Swart R (eds) (2000) Emissions scenarios. Special report of working group III of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls RJ (2002) Rising sea levels: potential impacts and responses. In: Hester R, Harrison RM (eds) Global Environmental Change. Issues in environmental science and technology, number 17. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp 83–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls RJ (2004) Coastal flooding and wetland loss in the 21st century: changes under the SRES climate and socio-economic scenarios. Glob Environ Change 14(1):69–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls RJ, Hoozemans FMJ, Marchand M (1999) Increasing flood risk and wetland losses due to global sea-level rise: regional and global analyses. Glob Environ Change 9:S69–S87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls RJ, Wong P, Burkett V, Codignotto J, Hay J, McLean R, Ragoonaden S, Woodroffe C (2007a) Coastal systems and low-lying areas. In: Parry M, Canziani O, Palutikof J, van der Linden P, Hanson C (eds) Climate Change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 315–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls RJ, Hanson S, Herweijer C, Patmore N, Hallegatte S, Corfee-Morlot J, Chateau J, Muir-Wood R (2007b) Ranking port cities with high exposure and vulnerability to climate extremes—exposure estimates. Environment Working Papers No. 1, OECD, Paris

  • Nicholls RJ, Wong PP, Burkett VR, Woodroffe CD, Hay JE (2008) Climate change and coastal vulnerability assessment: scenarios for integrated assessment. Sustain Sci 3(1):89–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Overpeck JT, Otto-Bliesner BL, Miller GH, Muhs DR, Alley RB, Kiehl JT (2006) Paleoclimatic evidence for future ice-sheet instability and rapid sea-level rise. Science 311:1747–1750

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pachauri RK, Reisinger A (eds) (2007) Climate change 2007: synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland

  • Perez RT, Feir RB, Carandang E, Gonzales EB (1996) Potential impacts of sea-level rise on the coastal resources of Manila Bay: a preliminary vulnerability assessment. Water Soil Air Pollut 92(1–2):137–147

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez RT, Amadore LA, Feir RB (1999) Climate change impacts and responses in the Philippines coastal sector. Clim Res 12:97–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petoukhov V, Ganopolski A, Brovkin V, Claussen M, Eliseev A, Kubatzki C, Rahmstorf S (2000) CLIMBER-2: a climate system model of intermediate complexity. Part I: model description and performance for present climate. Clim Dynam 16(1):1–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer WT, Harper JT, O’Neel S (2008) Kinematic constraints on glacier contributions to 21st-century sea-level rise. Science 321:1340–1343

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabus B, Eineder M, Roth A, Bamler R (2003) The shuttle radar topography mission: a new class of digital elevation models acquired by spaceborne radar. ISPRS J Photogramm 57(4):241–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahmstorf S (2007) A semi-empirical approach to projecting future sea-level rise. Science 315:368–370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reyes E, White JL, Martin JF, Kemp GP, Day JW, Aravamuthan V (2000) Landscape modeling of coastal habitat change in the Mississippi delta. Ecology 81:2331–2349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rignot E, Rivera A, Casassa G (2003) Contribution of the Patagonia icefields of South America to sea-level rise. Science 302:434–437

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts CM, McClean CJ, Veron JEN, Hawkins JP, Allen GR, McAllister DE, Mittermeier CG, Schueler FW, Spalding M, Wells F, Vynne C, Werner TB (2002) Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical coral reefs. Science 292:1280–1284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodolfo KS, Siringan FP (2006) Global sea-level rise is recognised, but flooding from anthropogenic land subsidence is ignored around northern Manila Bay, Philippines. Disaster Manage 30:118–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez E, Morris CS, Belz JE, Chapin EC, Martin JM, Daffer W, Hensley S (2005) An assessment of the SRTM topographic products. Technical Report JPL D-31639, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA

  • Sathiamurthy E, Voris HK (2006) Maps of Holocene sea-level transgression and submerged lakes on the Sunda Shelf. The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University, Supplement 2: 1–44

  • Schijf J, Schönfeld J (1953) Theoretical considerations on the motion of salt and fresh water. In: Proceedings of the Minnesota international hydraulics convention. Joint meeting of the International Association for Hydraulic Research and the Hydraulics Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Minnesota, 1–4 September 1953, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, pp 321–333

  • Sidle RC, Taylor D, Lu XX, Adger WN, Lowe DJ, de Lange WP, Newnham RM, Dodson JR (2004) Interactions of natural hazards and society in Austral-Asia: evidence in past and recent records. Quat Int 118–119:181–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soedarsono S (1996) Impact of flood inundation due to sea-level rise on settlement area in Semarang City (In Indonesian). Masters Thesis, Geography Faculty, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia

  • Spalding MD, Kainuma M, Collins L (2010) World mangrove atlas. London, Earthscan, with International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The Nature Conservancy, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, United Nations Scientific and Cultural Organisation, United Nations University (in press)

  • SRTM (2006) Water bodies: US Geological Survey Center for Earth Resource Observation and Science (EROS), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), ESRI, 20061001, ESRI® Data & Maps 2006 World, Europe, United States, Canada, and Mexico, ESRI, Redlands, CA

  • Swart R, Mitchell J, Morita T, Raper S (2002) Stabilisation scenarios for climate impact assessment. Glob Environ Change 12(3):155–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thieler ER, Pilkey OH, Young RS, Bush DM, Chai F (2000) The use of the mathematical models to predict beach behavior for US coastal engineering: a critical review. J Coast Res 16(1):48–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Tol RSJ et al (2006) The DIVA model: socio-economic scenarios, impacts and adaptation and world heritage. DINAS-COAST Consortium, 2006. Diva 1.5.5. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany, CD-ROM

  • Trenberth KE, Hoar TJ (1997) El Niño and climate change. Geophys Res Lett 24:3057–3060

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tweedie N (2009) Carteret Islands: The sea is killing our island paradise. The Telegraph, 09 December. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/carteret-islands/6771651/The-sea-is-killing-our-island-paradise.html

  • Vafeidis AT, Boot G, Cox J, Maatens R, Mcfadden L, Nicholls R, Tol RSJ (2006) The DIVA Database Documentation. Technical report

  • Vafeidis AT, Nicholls RJ, McFadden L, Tol RS, Hinkel J, Spencer T, Grashoff PS, Boot G, Klein R (2008) A new global coastal database for impact and vulnerability analysis to sea-level rise. J Coast Res 24(4):917–924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vainerere T (2009) Solomon Islands Government encourage resettlement due to sea level rise. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 08 April. http://www.spc.int/ppapd/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=486&Itemid=1

  • Valiela I, Bowen JL, York JK (2001) Mangrove forests: one of the world’s threatened major tropical environments. Bioscience 51(10):807–815

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Goor MA, Zitman TJ, Wang ZB, Stive MJF (2003) Impact of sea-level rise on the morphological equilibrium state of tidal inlets. Mar Geol 202:211–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veron JEN (2000) Corals of the world. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld

  • Veron JEN, DeVantier LM, Turak E, Green AL, Kininmonth SJ, Stafford-Smith MG, Peterson N (2009) Delineating the Coral Triangle. Galaxea 11:91–100

    Google Scholar 

  • von Storch H, Woth K (2008) Storm surges: perspectives and options. Sustain Sci 3(1):33–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voris HK (2000) Maps of Pleistocene sea levels in Southeast Asia: shorelines, river systems and time durations. J Biogeogr 27:1153–1167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong PP (2005) The coastal environment of Southeast Asia. In: Gupta A (ed) The physical geography of Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 177–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong PP, Boon-Thong L, Leung MWH (2006) Hotspots of population growth and urbanization in the Asia-Pacific coastal region. In: Harvey N (ed). Global change and integrated coastal management: the Asia-Pacific Region, Springer, Berlin, pp 163–195

  • Woodroffe CD, Kennedy DM, Hopley D, Rasmussen CE, Smithers SG (2000) Holocene reef growth in Torres Strait. Mar Geol 170:331–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yanagi T, Akaki T (1994) Sea-level variation in the Eastern Asia. J Oceanogr 50:643–651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang K, Douglas B, Leatherman S (2004) Global warming and coastal erosion. Clim Change 64:41–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Lars Exner for his valuable assistance in GIS and preparing the figures. Financial assistance was provided by the Regional Development Mission Asia (RDMA) Office of Environment, US Agency for International Development under the terms of Cooperative Agreement No.486-A-00-08-42-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the US Agency for International Development.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tropical Marine Conservation, The Nature Conservancy, 923 Nu’uanu Ave, Honolulu, HI, 96817, USA

    Elizabeth Mcleod & Rodney Salm

  2. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), P.O. Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany

    Jochen Hinkel

  3. Institute of Geography, Coastal Risks and Sea-Level Rise Research Group, The Future Ocean Excellence Cluster, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Ludewig-Meyn Str. 14, 24098, Kiel, Germany

    Athanasios T. Vafeidis

  4. School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK

    Robert J. Nicholls

  5. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Adelaide University, 5005, Adelaide, Australia

    Nick Harvey

Authors
  1. Elizabeth Mcleod
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jochen Hinkel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Athanasios T. Vafeidis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Robert J. Nicholls
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Nick Harvey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Rodney Salm
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elizabeth Mcleod.

Additional information

Edited by Rosa Perez, Manila Observatory, The Philippines.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mcleod, E., Hinkel, J., Vafeidis, A.T. et al. Sea-level rise vulnerability in the countries of the Coral Triangle. Sustain Sci 5, 207–222 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-010-0105-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-010-0105-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation