Skip to main content
Log in

Towards a sociolinguistics of superdiversity

Zu einer Soziolinguistik von Superdiversität

  • Schwerpunkt
  • Published:
Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The notion of ‘superdiversity’ has engaged scholars beyond the field of sociolinguistics. In this paper we propose to shift the gaze to the linguistic, focusing on the ways in which the new diversity becomes the site of negotiations over linguistic resources, and to widen the scope of debate. The ways in which people negotiate access to resources in increasingly diverse societies are changing. Looking at these phenomena through a sociolinguistic lens is key to a developed understanding of superdiverse societies. García proposes the term ‘translanguaging’ to refer to the multiple discursive practices in which multilingual speakers engage in order to make sense of their worlds. Translanguaging goes beyond code-switching, but incorporates it. García points out that multilinguals translanguage to include and facilitate communication with others, but also to construct deeper understandings. Translanguaging includes but extends what others have called language use and language contact among multilinguals. Rather than focusing on the language itself, translanguaging makes it apparent that there are no clear-cut boundaries between the languages of bilinguals. This paper draws on sociolinguistic ethnographic research projects which investigate the linguistic practices of children and young people in and around complementary (community-language) schools, to argue that multilingual young people in English cities access a wide range of semiotic resources in ways which are not bounded as ‘languages’. In developing a sociolinguistics of superdiversity we should look closely at practices of translanguaging, and consider the histories, geographies, and discourses which shape them.

Zusammenfassung

Der Begriff der Superdiversität beschäftigt auch Wissenschaftler außerhalb des Feldes der Soziolinguistik. In diesem Beitrag schlagen wir vor, den Blick auf die Frage der Sprache zu richten und sich auf die Wege zu konzentrieren, in denen die neue Diversität zum Raum für Verhandlungen über sprachliche Ressourcen wird. Die Art und Weise, mit der sich Menschen in zunehmend diversifizierten Gesellschaften Zugang zu Ressourcen verschaffen, ändert sich. Ein Zugang zum tieferen Verständnis von superdiversen Gesellschaften eröffnet sich, wenn man solche Phänomene aus soziolinguistischer Perspektive betrachtet. Garcia schlägt den Begriff „Translanguaging“ vor, der auf die multiplen diskursiven Praxen verweist, in denen mehrsprachige Sprecher den Sinn ihrer Welten erfassen. Translanguaging (für das es keinen deutschen Ausdruck gibt; gemeint ist: in Mehrsprachigkeit – sprachübergreifend – agieren) geht über Code Switching im Sinne des Wechselns zwischen Sprachen hinaus, schließt dies aber mit ein. Garcia weist darauf hin, dass Mehrsprachige in dieser Weise agieren, um Kommunikation mit anderen zu erleichtern – aber auch um tieferes Verständnis zu erreichen. Translanguaging schließt ein, und geht gleichzeitig über das hinaus, was als Sprachgebrauch und Sprachkontakt zwischen Mehrsprachigen bezeichnet wird. Statt auf Sprache selbst zu schauen, soll der Begriff verdeutlichen, dass es keine klaren Abgrenzungen zwischen den Sprachen von zwei- oder mehrsprachigen Menschen gibt. – Unser Beitrag berichtet aus soziolinguistisch-ethnographischen Forschungsprojekten, die die sprachlichen Praxen von Kindern und Jugendlichen innerhalb und im Umfeld von sog. community-language schools untersuchen – Schulen also, die neben dem regulären Schulsystem existieren, die oft von privaten Gemeinschaften getragen werden und in denen es um den Unterricht von Minderheitensprachen (community languages) geht. Wir legen dar, dass sich mehrsprachige Jugendliche in englischen Städten eine große Bandbreite von Ausdrucksmöglichkeiten aneignen, die nicht in ‚einer Sprache‘ im traditionellen linguistischen Verständnis aufgehen. Eine Soziolinguistik der Superdiversität sollte die Praxen des Translanguaging einbeziehen und die Geschichten, Geographien und Diskurse berücksichtigen, die sie gestalten.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson, B. (1998). The spectre of comparisons: Nationalisms, Southeast Asia, and the World. London: Verso.

  • Bakhtin, M. M. (1973). Problems of Dostoevsky’s poetics (Translated by R. W. Rotsel). Ann Arbor: Ardis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination. Four essays (Edited by Michael Holquist; translated by C. Emerson and M. Holquist). Austin: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakhtin, M. M. (1984). Problems of Dostoevsky’s poetics (Edited and translated by C. Emerson). Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakhtin, M. M. (1986). Speech genres and other late essays (Edited by C. Emerson & M. Holquist). Austin: University of Austin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakhtin, M. M. (1994). Problems of Dostoevsky’s poetics. In P. Morris (ed.), The Bakhtin reader. Selected writings of Bakhtin, Medvedev, Voloshinov (pp. 110–113), London: Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackledge, A. (2009a). ‘As a country we do expect’: The further extension of language testing regimes in the UK. Language Assessment Quarterly, 6, 6–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackledge, A. (2009b). ‘Inventing English as convenient fiction: Language testing regimes in the United Kingdom’. In G. Extra, M. Spotti, & P. VanAvermaet (eds.), Language testing, migration and citizenship: Cross-national perspectives (pp. 65–85). London: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackledge, A. (2009c). Being English, speaking English: Extension to English language testing legislation and the future of multicultural Britain. In G. Hogan-Brun, C. Mar-Molinero, & P. Stevenson (eds.), Discourses on language and integration: Critical perspectives on language testing regimes in Europe (pp. 83–108). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackledge, A., & Creese, A. (2010). Multilingualism. A critical perspective. London: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackledge, A., & Pavlenko, A. (2001). Negotiation of identities in multilingual contexts. International Journal of Bilingualism, 5(3), 243–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blommaert, J. (2010). The sociolinguistics of globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolognani, M. (2007). The myth of return: Dismissal, survival or revival? A Bradford example of transnationalism as a political instrument. Journal of Ethnic andMigration Studies, 33(1), 59–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borooah, V. K. (2005). ‘Caste, inequality, and poverty in India’. Review of Development Economics, 9(3), 399–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borooah, V. K., Dubey, A., & Iyer, S. (2007). The effectiveness of jobs reservation: Caste, religion and economic status in India. Development and Change, 38(3), 423–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P., & Darbel, A. (1991). The Love of Art. European museums and their public. London: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, J., & Connell, J. (2003). Place, exile and identity. The contemporary experience of Palestinians in Sydney’. Australian Geographer, 34(3), 329–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Creese, A., & Blackledge, A. (2010). Translanguaging in the bilingual classroom: A pedagogy for learning and teaching. Modern Language Journal, 94(2), 103–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Creese, A., Bhatt, A., Bhojani, N., & Martin, P. (2006). Multicultural, heritage and learner identities in complementary schools. Language and Education, 20(1), 23–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Creese, A., Bhatt, A., & Martin, P. (2007a). Investigating multilingualism in Gujarati complementary schools in Leicester. Birmingham: University of Birmingham.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creese, A., Blackledge, A., & Hamid, S. (2007b). Investigating multilingualism in Bengali complementary schools in Birmingham. Birmingham: University of Birmingham.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creese, A., Lytra, V., Baraç, T., & Yağcıoğlu-Ali, D. (2007c). Investigating multilingualism in Turkish complementary schools in London. Birmingham: University of Birmingham.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creese, A., Wu, C. J. & Wei, L. (2007d). Investigating multilingualism in Chinese complementary schools in Manchester. Birmingham: University of Birmingham.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gal, S. (2006). Migration, minorities and multilingualism: Language ideologies in Europe. In C. Mar-Molinero & P. Stevenson (eds.), Language ideologies, policies and practices. Language and the future of Europe (pp. 13–27). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • García, O. (2007). Foreword. In S. Makoni & A. Pennycook (eds.), Disinventing and reconstituting languages (pp. xi–xv). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • García O. (2009). Bilingual education in the 21st Century: A global perspective. Oxford: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • García, O. (2010). Languaging and ethnifying. In J. Fishman & O. García (eds.), Handbook of language and ethnicity: Disciplinary and regional perspectives (2nd ed., vol. 1, pp. 519–535). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gard’ner, J. M. (2004). Heritage protection and social inclusion: A case study from the Bangladeshi community of East London. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 10(1), 75–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glick Schiller, N., & Fouron, G. (2002). Georges woke up laughing: Long distance nationalism and the search for home. New York: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glick Schiller, N., Basch, L., & Blanc-Szanton, C. (1992). Towards a transnational perspective on migration: Race, class, ethnicity and nationalism reconsidered. Annals of New York Academy of Science, Vol. 645. New York: New York Academy of Science.

  • Gumperz, J. (1982). Discourse strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, R. (2006). New ethnicities and language use. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Heller, M. (2007). Bilingualism as ideology and practice. In M. Heller (ed.), Bilingualism: A social approach (pp. 1–24). Basingstoke: Palgrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heller, M., & Duchêne, A. (2007). Discourses of endangerment: Sociolinguistics, globalization, and social order. In A. Duchêne & M. Heller (eds.), Discourses of endangerment. Ideology and interests in the defence of languages (pp. 1–13). London: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess-Lüttich, E. (1978). Bilingualismus als Stilmittel: Drogenkultur und Sprache. In G. Nickel (ed.), Rhetoric and Stylistics (pp. 69–82). Stuttgart: HochschulVerlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irvine, J., & Gal, S. (2000). Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In P. Kroskrity (ed.), Regimes of language. Ideologies, polities and identities (pp. 35–84). Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen, J. N. (2010). The sociolinguistic study of youth language and youth identities. In J. N. Jørgensen (ed.), Love ya hate ya: The sociolinguistic study of youth language and youth identities (pp. 1–15). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kijima, Y. (2006). Caste and tribe inequality: Evidence from India, 1983–1999. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 54, 369–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, P., & Glick Schiller, N. (2004). Conceptualising simultaneity. A transnational social field perspective on society. International Migration Review, 38(3), 1002–1039.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makoni, S., & Mashiri, P. (2007). Critical historiography: Does language planning in Africa need a construct of language as part of its theoretical apparatus? In S. Makoni & A. Pennycook (eds.), Disinventing and reconstituting languages (pp. 62–89). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makoni, S., & A. Pennycook (2007). Disinventing and reconstituting languages. In S. Makoni & A. Pennycook (eds.), Disinventing and reconstituting languages (pp. 1–41). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, P., Creese, A., Bhatt, A., & Bhojani, N. (2004). Final report on complementary schools and their communities in Leicester. Leicester: University of Leicester & University of Birmingham.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maryns, K. (2006). The asylum speaker. Language in the Belgian asylum procedure. London: St Jerome.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, S. (2001). Language and minority rights: Ethnicity, nationalism, and the politics of language. London: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, S. (2005). Language rights: Moving the debate forward. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 9(3), 319–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, D. (2007). Language endangerment, language rights and indigeneity. In M. Heller (ed.), Bilingualism: A social approach (pp. 111–136). Basingstoke: Palgrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlenko, A., & Blackledge, A. (2004). New theoretical approaches to the study of negotiation of identities in multilingual contexts. In A. Pavlenko & A. Blackledge (eds.), Negotiation of identities in multilingual contexts (pp. 1–33). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennycook, A. (2010). Language as a local practice. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pujolar, J. (2007). Bilingualism and the nation-state in the post-national era. In M. Heller (ed.), Bilingualism: A social approach (pp. 71–95). Basingstoke: Palgrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rampton, B. (1995). Crossing: Language and ethnicity among adolescents. London: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rampton, B. (1998). Speech community. In J. Verschueren, J. Ostman, J. Blommaert, & C. Bulcan (eds.), Handbook of pragmatics (pp. 1–34). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rampton, B. (1999). Styling the other: Introduction. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 3(4), 421–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rampton, B. (2006). Language in late modernity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein, M. (2003). Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life. Language and Communication, 23, 193–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vertovec, S. (2006). The emergence of super-diversity in Britain (Centre on Migration, Policy and Society, Working Paper No. 25). Oxford: University of Oxford.

  • Vertovec, S. (2007a). Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(6), 1024–1054.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vertovec, S. (2007b). Introduction: New directions in the anthropology of migration and multiculturalism. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(6), 961–978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vertovec, S. (2009). Transnationalism. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vološinov, V. N. (1973). Marxism and the philosophy of language (Translation. L. Matejka & I. R. Titunik, first published 1929). London: Seminar Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Angela Creese Ph.D. or Adrian Blackledge Ph.D..

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Creese, A., Blackledge, A. Towards a sociolinguistics of superdiversity. Z Erziehungswiss 13, 549–572 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11618-010-0159-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11618-010-0159-y

Keywords

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation