INTRODUCTION

Female physicians consistently report higher rates of burnout and lower satisfaction than male physicians, but the etiology is unclear.1 Studies conflict regarding the overlap between burnout and depression and to what degree work/home conflicts contribute to burnout differences. We sought to explore gender variations in burnout and health in a large academic family medicine department.

METHODS

We conducted three annual department-wide assessments (2017, 2018, 2019) to assess burnout, stress, and satisfaction using anonymous and voluntary Qualtrics surveys distributed via email. The study was deemed exempt by the University of Michigan Institutional Review Board.

Surveys included years since residency, gender, self-reported minority status, the Mini-Z burnout scale;2 questions from the Physician Wellness Inventory;3 four questions about work-home balance from the Physician Worklife Survey;4 and single-item measures of mental and physical health (e.g., “In thinking about my health, I would say my health is…very good, good, fair, or poor”).

As the 2017 survey showed striking differences by gender, in 2018, we added exploratory questions (5-point Likert scale from agree strongly to disagree strongly) asking, “How much do you think the following factors [9 listed] contribute to more burnout for women, compared to men?” In both 2018 and 2019, we queried the presence of a partner at home, partner work status, and children under 6.

Analyses used Stata/IC 13.1 (College Station, TX) and included summary statistics plus bivariate analysis with Fisher’s exact test for cell sizes < 5 and Chi-squared for larger cell sizes.

RESULTS

Of eligible faculty, 77 of 84 (92%) completed the survey in 2017, 91 of 96 (95%) in 2018, and 81 of 105 (77%) in 2019. Variables had up to 9% missing data in 2017, 8% in 2018, and 3% in 2019. In 2019, 51 respondents (64%) identified as women. Women were more likely to have completed residency within 10 years (n = 24 women, 47% versus n = 6 men, 21%; p = 0.019). One-fifth of faculty (n = 16, 20%) identified as an under-represented minority.

Women were more likely to report burnout in 2017 (52% women versus 24% men, p = 0.022), 2018 (38% versus 15%, p = 0.043), and 2019 (34% versus 31%, p = 0.787). Female faculty (n = 38, 83%) were more likely than men (n = 9, 38%, p < 0.0005) to have a partner working full-time versus part-time or not at all and to have young children at home (n = 21 women, 41% versus n = 4 men, 14%; p = 0.013). Neither partner work status nor children were associated with burnout. In all years, men were significantly more likely to report “good” or “very good” physical and mental health (Table 1). Women had worse scores on all work-life balance questions (not statistically significant). Faculty perceptions on factors contributing to female burnout varied by gender (Fig. 1).

Table 1 Health-Related Measures: Those Reporting as “Very Good” or “Good”
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Figure 1
figure 1

Perceptions of contributors to burnout among female physicians, by gender.

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DISCUSSION

This study identifies different family structures and self-rated health among physicians by gender. Balancing home and work lives may influence, but does not fully explain, increased burnout among women.5 Our findings of higher burnout and worse mental health among female physicians mirror those of other research.1

While men and women both agreed female physicians have more home responsibilities, they disagreed on other burnout contributors among women physicians. Prior studies show older age, good mental health, more children, and low home stress predict greater work satisfaction for women.6 As women are more likely to have a partner working full-time, they face greater need for work flexibility and may have different priorities and strategies to mitigate job stress. Increased worry about work after hours could be addressed through institutional changes (more protected work time for administrative duties, fewer demands outside of work hours, and colleague coverage of duties) and personal skills training in setting boundaries.

The exploratory nature of our cause-of-burnout questions is a limitation. Our study focused on a single department. Respondents included more women and minority faculty than the family physician workforce nationally, likely reflecting recent department growth and hiring of recent residency graduates and very few faculty resignations or retirements in this time. Strengths include a relatively a high response rate.

Strategies to mitigate burnout should recognize that burnout phenotypes and effective interventions may differ by gender. Given human and economic risks of burnout in healthcare, we must identify the most stressful aspects of physician work, understand how these vary for men and women, and design interventions which better respond to individual needs.