Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Does foreign aid volatility increase international migration?

  • Published:
The Review of International Organizations Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Scholars have long debated the relationship between foreign aid and international migration, with some arguing that foreign aid can deter emigrants and others contending that aid enables them. We contribute to this discussion by exploring whether negative aid shocks affect migration patterns. We theorize that these shocks, which occur when there are large and abrupt decreases in aid disbursement to a given country, lead individuals in aid-recipient countries to emigrate. Such shocks lead to reductions in the provision of public and community services that are funded by aid. These reductions in turn force individuals who depend on these services to seek better lives abroad. We expect this effect to be especially evident among low-skilled individuals, who are most reliant on the services that are supported by foreign aid. We use country-level panel data to test hypotheses derived from these arguments and we find, first, that negative aid shocks are accompanied by heightened emigration rates and, second, that this effect is driven by the emigration of relatively unskilled individuals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. For more general analysis of anti-immigrant sentiment in Western countries, see Polakow-Suransky (2017).

  2. For more examples, see de Haas (2007: 820–827).

  3. See Clemens and Postel (2018) for a review of this literature.

  4. Hudson (2015) reiterates this point about macroeconomic management, while emphasizing the significance of project-level volatility.

  5. Interestingly, they find that this is the case of both negative and positive aid shocks.

  6. While these studies find negative effects of foreign aid shocks on economic growth, it should be noted that the literature has not produced a consensus as to the effects of aid on economic growth (see Qian 2015).

  7. The effects of aid shocks on government budgets may be contingent on the type of aid in question. For example, aid directed to food or to NGOs may have little or no impact on government spending.

  8. This is consistent with the impacts of economic shocks more generally (Savun and Tirone 2012).

  9. See Jain (2007) for discussion of project assistance versus aid for budget support.

  10. Figure A1, in the Online Appendix, provides a visual representation of our hypotheses.

  11. Indeed, international migrants are often not the poorest members of the countries from which they migrate (de Haas 2019).

  12. Nielsen et al. (2011) use aid commitments, instead of disbursements, due to concerns about reliability of disbursement data (although they note that disbursements and commitments are highly correlated). In contrast, we use disbursements, as significant gulfs may exist between aid commitments and disbursements (Celasun and Walliser 2008; Diarra 2010).

  13. See Table A1 in the Online Appendix for descriptive statistics for each variable used in this study.

  14. Of course, donors may also provide aid for strategic reasons (e.g. Dreher et al. 2008).

  15. Unfortunately, unemployment data for developing countries is notoriously unreliable, owing to the fact that unemployment surveys typically only cover urban areas and fail to adequately capture employment in informal sectors (see Gibson 2008). For that reason, we did not include unemployment as a control variable.

  16. On the other hand, researchers have argued that higher incomes actually increase emigration from developing countries, as individuals with higher incomes are more readily able to afford the costs of migration (de Haase 2007).

  17. There is some concern that population density may be largely time-invariant, making it incompatible with our use of fixed effects. However, the variable is more time variant than one might think, particularly when spaced out in five-year intervals, as is the case in the models used here. For example, average population density for sample countries was approximately 80 (per square kilometer of land) in 1995, 88 in 2000, and 96 in 2005. Additionally, our main results (presented in Table 1) hold when we drop population density from the model or when we simply replace it with population (these results are available on request).

  18. See Table A2, in the Online Appendix, for a list of countries in our sample.

  19. We conduct a second set of models with this variable because of the effect that its inclusion has on the sample size.

  20. Data for this variable was drawn from the World Economics and Politics Dataverse (Graham and Tucker 2017; Graham et al. 2018), which in turn drew it from Bauer et al. (2012) and Vreeland (2003).

  21. Terrorism deaths are drawn from the RAND Database of Worldwide Terrorism Incidents: https://www.rand.org/nsrd/projects/terrorism-incidents.html.

  22. This GDP data comes from EuroMonitor International: http://www.euromonitor.com

  23. Data for this variable comes from Nielsen et al. (2011). Also see de Ree and Nillesen (2009).

  24. We draw migration stock data from the World Bank’s Global Bilateral Migration database.

  25. A higher number corresponds to a more restrictive policy.

  26. Because some of these variables vary across time, but not across sample countries (specifically, those measuring terrorism deaths in OECD countries, OECD and donor GDP, and migration policy in donor countries), this set of statistical models does not include year fixed effects.

References

  • Adams Jr., R. H. (1993). The economic and demographic determinants of international migration in rural Egypt. Journal of Development Studies, 30(1), 146–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adedokun, A. (2018). The effects of oil shocks on government expenditure and government revenues Nexus in Nigeria (with Exogeneity restrictions). Future Business Journal, 4(2), 219–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agénor, P., & Aizenman, J. (2010). Aid volatility and poverty traps. Journal of Development Economics, 91(1), 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alden, E. (2008). The closing of the American border: Terrorism, immigration, and security since 9/11. New York: HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreas, P. (2003). Redrawing the line: Borders and security in the twenty-first century. International Security, 28(2), 78–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, F., & Shah, N. M. (1984). Asian labor migration to the Middle East. International Migration Review, 18(2), 294–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, M. E., Cruz, C., & Graham, B. A. T. (2012). Democracies only: When do IMF agreements serve as a seal of approval? Review of International Organizations, 7(1), 33–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayraktar, N. (2020). Volatility of education aid and female education. In N. Tsounis & A. Vlachvei (Eds.), Advances in cross-section data methods in applied economic research. ICOAE 2019. Springer proceedings in business and economics. Cham: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berens, S. A. (2016). Crowding out or welfare promotion? How foreign aid affects social expenditures in Latin American welfare systems. Social Policy & Administration, 50(3), 353–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bermeo, S., & Leblang, D. (2015). Migration and foreign aid. International Organization, 69(3), 627–657.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bérthelemy, J., Beuran, M., & Maurel, M. (2009). Aid and migration: Substitutes or complements? World Development, 37(10), 1589–1599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhagwati, J. (2003). Borders beyond control. Foreign Affairs, 82(1), 98–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, R., Collyer, M., Skeldon, R., & Waddington, C. (2006). Route to illegal residence: A case study of immigration detainees in the United Kingdom. Geoforum, 37(4), 552–564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Böhning, W. R. (1994). Helping migrants to stay at home. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 534, 165–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, M. (1989). Family and personal networks in international migration: Recent developments and new agendas. International Migration Review, 23(3), 638–670.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bräutigam, D. A., & Knack, S. (2004). Foreign aid, institutions, and governance in sub-Saharan Africa. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 52(2), 255–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breunig, C., Cao, X., & Luedtke, A. (2012). Global migration and political regime type: A democratic disadvantage. British Journal of Political Science, 42(4), 825–854.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brücker H., Capuano, S. and Marfouk, A. (2013). Education, gender and international migration: Insights from a panel-dataset 1980–2010, Mimeo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulíř, A., & Hamann, A. J. (2008). Volatility of development aid: From the frying pan into the fire? World Development, 36(10), 2048–2066.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cashel-Cordo, P., & Craig, S. G. (1990). The public sector impact of international resource transfers. Journal of Development Economics, 32(1), 17–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castelli, F. (2018). Drivers of migration: Why do people move? Journal of Travel Medicine, 25(1), tay040.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castles, S. (2004). Why migration policies fail. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(2), 205–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Celasun, O., & Walliser, J. (2008). Predictability of aid: Do fickle donors undermine aid effectiveness? Economic Policy, 23(55), 545–594.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chauvet, L., & Guillaumont, P. (2009). Aid, volatility, and growth again: When aid volatility matters and when it does not. Review of Development Economics, 13(3), 452–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cingranelli, D. L., Richards, D. L., & Clay, K. C. (2014). The CIRI Human Rights Dataset. http://www.humanrightsdata.com. Version 2014.04.14.

  • Clemens, M. A. (2014). Does development reduce migration? In R. E. B. Lucas (Ed.), International handbook on migration and economic development (pp. 152–185). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc..

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemens, M. A., & Postel, H. M. (2018). Deterring emigration with foreign aid: An overview of evidence from low-income countries. Population and Development Review, 44(4), 667–693.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clist, P., & Restelli, G. (2020). Development aid and international migration to Italy: Does aid reduce irregular flows? The World Economy. Published online before print: https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13017.

  • Couharde, C., Karanfil, F., Kilama, E. G., & Omgba, L. D. (2020). The role of oil in the allocation of foreign aid: The case of the G7 donors. Journal of Comparative Economics, 48(2), 363–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawley, H., & Hagen-Zanker, J. (2019). Deciding where to go: Policies, people and perceptions shaping destination preferences. International Migration, 57(1), 20–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutter, S. L., Boruff, B. J., & Shirley, W. L. (2012). Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. In S. L. Cutter (Ed.), Hazards vulnerability and environmental justice (pp. 143–160). Routledge.

  • Czaika, M., & Kis-Katos, K. (2009). Civil conflict and displacement: Village-level determinants of forced migration in Aceh. Journal of Peace Research, 46(3), 399–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlberg, S., Holmberg, S., Rothstein, B., Khomenko, A., & Svensson, R. (2017). The quality of government basic dataset, version Jan17. University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute, http://www.qog.pol.gu.se.https://doi.org/10.18157/QoGBasJan17.

  • Dang, H.-A., Knack, S., & Rogers, F. H. (2013). International aid and financial crises in donor countries. European Journal of Political Economy, 32, 232–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davenport, C., Moore, W., & Poe, S. (2003). Sometimes you just have to leave: Domestic threats and forced migration, 1964-1989. International Interactions, 29(1), 27–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Haan, A. (1999). Livelihoods and poverty: The role of migration. A critical review of the migration literature. Journal of Development Studies, 36(2), 1–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Haan, A., & Yaqub, S. (2010). Migration and poverty: Linkages, knowledge gaps and policy implications. In K. Hujo & N. Piper (Eds.), South-south migration. Social policy in a development context. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Haas, H. (2007). Turning the tide? Why development will not stop migration. Development and Change, 38(5), 819–841.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Haas, H. (2019). Paradoxes of migration and development. IMI working paper series 157.

  • de Ree, J., & Nillesen, E. (2009). Aiding violence or peace? The impact of foreign aid on the risk of civil conflict in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Development Economics, 88(2), 301–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desai, R. & Kharas, H. (2010). The determinants of aid volatility. Global economy and development working paper #42, Brookings Institution.

  • Desai, R. M., & Kharas, H. (2018). What motivates private foreign aid? Evidence from internet-based microlending. International Studies Quarterly, 62(3), 505–519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devarajan, S., & Swaroop, V. (1998). The implications of aid fungibility for development assistance. Policy research working paper 2022. The World Bank.

  • Devarajan, S., Rajkumar, A. S., & Swaroop, V. (1998). What does aid to Africa finance? Mimeograph, Development Research Group. The World Bank.

  • Diarra, G. (2010). Aid unpredictability and absorptive capacity: Analyzing disbursement delays in Africa. Economics Bulletin, 31(1), 1004–1017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietrich, S., & Wright, J. (2015). Foreign aid allocation tactics and democratic change in Africa. Journal of Politics, 77(1), 216–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Docquier, F., & Rapoport, H. (2012). Globalization, brain drain, and development. Journal of Economic Literature, 50(3), 681–730.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreher, A., Nunnenkamp, P., & Thiele, R. (2008). Does US aid buy UN General Assembly votes? A disaggregated analysis. Public Choice, 136(1/2), 139–164.

  • Faini, R., & Venturini, A. (2010). Development and migration: Lessons from southern Europe. In G. Epstein & I. Gang (Eds.), Frontiers of economics and globalization (pp. 105–136). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farag, M., Nandakumar, A. K., Wallack, S. S., Gaumer, G., & Hodgkin, D. (2009). Does funding from donors displace government spending for health in developing countries? Health Affairs, 28(4), 1045–1055.

    Google Scholar 

  • Felbab-Brown, V. (2017). The wall: The real costs of a barrier between the United States and Mexico. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feyzioglu, T., Swaroop, V., & Zhu, M. (1998). A panel data analysis of the Fungibility of foreign aid. The World Bank Economic Review, 12(1), 29–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, J., Leblang, D., & Teets, J. (2014). Defying the law of gravity: The political economy of international migration. World Politics, 66(3), 406–445.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleck, R. K., & Kilby, C. (2006). How do political changes influence US bilateral aid allocations? Evidence from panel data. Review of Development Economics, 10(2), 210–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galiani, S., Knack, S., Xu, L. C., & Zou, B. (2017). The effect of aid on growth: Evidence from a quasi-experiment. Journal of Economic Growth, 22, 1–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamso, J., & Yuldashev, F. (2018a). Targeted foreign aid and international migration: Is development-promotion an effective immigration policy? International Studies Quarterly, 62(4), 809–820.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamso, J., & Yuldashev, F. (2018b). Does rural development aid reduce international migration? World Development, 110, 268–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, B. (2008). Data problems and empirical modeling in developing economies. In A. K. Dutt & J. Ros (Eds.), International handbook of development economics. Edward Elgar Publishing.

  • Gleditsch, N. P., Wallensteen, P., Eriksson, M., Sollenberg, M., & Strand, H. (2002). Armed conflict 1946-2001: A new dataset. Journal of Peace Research, 39(5), 615–637.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, M. J., & Heath, O. (2016). The 2016 referendum, Brexit and the left behind: An aggregate-level analysis of the result. The Political Quarterly, 87(3), 323–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, B. A. T., & Tucker, J. R. (2017). The international political economy data resource. Review of International Organizations, 14(1), 149–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, B. A. T., Hicks, R., Milner, H., & Bougher, L. D. (2018). World economics and politics dataverse.

  • Gutting, R., & Steinwand, M. C. (2017). Donor fragmentation, aid shocks, and violent political conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(3), 643–670.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliday, F. (1977). Migration and the labour force in the oil producing states of the Middle East. Development and Change, 8(3), 263–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, G. H., & McIntosh, C. (2012). Birth rates and border crossings: Latin American migration to the US, Canada, Spain and the UK. The Economic Journal, 122(561), 707–726.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckelman, J. C., & Knack, S. (2009). Aid, economic freedom, and growth. Contemporary Economic Policy, 27(1), 46–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helbling, M., & Leblang, D. (2019). Controlling immigration? How regulations affect migration flows. European Journal of Political Research, 58(1), 248–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiskey, J., Montalvo, J. D., & Orcés, D. (2014). Democracy, governance, and emigration intentions in Latin America and the Caribbean. Studies in Comparative International Development, 49(1), 89–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, J. (2013). Promises kept, promises broken? The relationship between aid commitments and disbursements. Review of Development Finance, 3(3), 109–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, J. (2015). Consequences of aid volatility for macroeconomic management and aid effectiveness. World Development, 69, 62–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, J., & Mosley, P. (2008). Aid volatility, policy and development. World Development, 36(10), 2082–2102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibáñez, A. M., & Vélez, C. E. (2008). Civil conflict and forced migration: The micro determinants and welfare losses of displacement in Colombia. World Development, 36(4), 659–676.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, A., Forsberg, B., Chansa, C., & Sunderwall, J. (2020). Responding to aid volatility: Government spending on district health Care in Zambia 2006-2017. Global Health Action, 13(1), 1724672.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain, S. (2007). Project assistance versus budget support: An incentive-theoretic analysis of aid conditionally. Review of World Economics, 143(4), 694–719.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, K. (2005). Moving money: Aid Fungibility in Africa. SAIS Review of International Affairs, 25(2), 167–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, S., & Tarp, F. (2016). Does foreign aid harm political institutions? Journal of Development Economics, 118, 266–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kälin, W. (2018). The global compact on migration: A ray of Hope for disaster-displaced persons. International Journal of Refugee Law, 30(4), 664–667.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kangoye, T. (2013). Does aid unpredictability weaken governance? Evidence from developing countries. The Developing Economies, 51(2), 121–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenworthy, L. (1999). Do social-welfare policies reduce poverty? A cross-national -assessment. Social Forces, 77(3), 1119–1113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kersting, E., & Kilby, C. (2014). Aid and democracy Redux. European Economic Review, 67, 125–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kharas, H. (2008). Measuring the cost of aid volatility. Wolfensohn Center for development working paper #3, Brookings Institution.

  • Knack, S. (2001). Aid dependence and the quality of governance: Cross-country empirical tests. Southern Economic Journal, 68(2), 310–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knack, S. (2004). Does foreign aid promote democracy? International Studies Quarterly, 48(1), 251–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumi, E., Ibrahim, M., & Yeboah, T. (2017). Aid, aid volatility and Sectoral growth in sub-Saharan Africa: Does finance matter? Journal of African Business, 18(4), 435–456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanati, M., & Thiele, R. (2018a). The impact of foreign aid on migration revisited. World Development, 111, 59–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanati, M., & Thiele, R. (2018b). Foreign assistance and migration choices: Disentangling the channels. Economics Letters, 172, 148–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanati, M., & Thiele, R. (2020). Foreign assistance and emigration: Accounting for the role of non-transferred aid. The World Economy, 43(7), 1951–1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lensink, R., & Morrissey, O. (2000). Aid instability as a measure of uncertainty and the positive impact of aid on growth. Journal of Development Studies, 36(3), 31–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Léonard, S. (2010). EU border security and migration in the European Union: FRONTEX and securitisation through practices. European Security, 19(2), 231–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ly, P., & Mason, G. (2012a). Individual preferences over development projects: Evidence from microlending on kiva. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 12(4), 1036–1055.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ly, P., & Mason, G. (2012b). Competition between microfinance NGOs: Evidence from kiva. World Development, 40(3), 643–655.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massey, D. S., Durand, J., & Malone, N. J. (2002). Beyond smoke and mirrors: Mexican immigration in an era of economic integration. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrio, A., & Taylor, J. E. (2005). Worlds in motion: Understanding international migration at the end of the millennium. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey, O. (2001). Pro-poor conditionality for aid and debt relief in East Africa. CREDIT research paper 01/15. University of Nottingham.

  • Mosley, P., & Suleiman, A. (2007). Aid, agriculture and poverty in developing countries. Review of Development Economics, 11(1), 139–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mwega, F. M. (2010). Kenya. In W. Fengler & H. Kharas (Eds.), Delivering aid differently: Lessons from the field (pp. 85–106). Brookings Institution Press.

  • Neanidis, K. C., & Varvarigos, D. (2009). The allocation of volatile aid and economic growth: Theory and evidence. European Journal of Political Economy, 25(4), 447–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell, J. L. (2018). Understanding the role of immigration in the Italian election result. European Politics and Policy. http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2018/03/12/understanding-the-role-of-immigration-in-the-italian-election-result/. Accessed 20 Mar 2020.

  • Nielsen, R. A., Findley, M. G., Davis, Z. S., Candland, T., & Nielson, D. L. (2011). Foreign aid shocks as a cause of violent armed conflict. American Journal of Political Science, 55(2), 219–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pack, H., & Pack, J. R. (1993). Foreign aid and the question of Fungibility. Review of Economics and Statistics, 75(2), 258–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pécoud, A., & de Guchteneire, P. (2006). International migration, border controls and human rights: Assessing the relevance of a right to mobility. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 21(1), 69–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettersson, T., & Wallensteen, P. (2015). Armed conflicts, 1946-2014. Journal of Peace Research, 52(4), 536–550.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pianigiani, G., Horowitz, J., & Minder, R. (2018). Italy’s new populist government turns away ship with 600 migrants abroad. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/11/world/europe/italy-migrant-boat-aquarius.html. Accessed 20 Mar 2020.

  • Polakow-Suransky, S. (2017). Go Back to where you came from: The backlash against immigration and the fate of Western democracy. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poprawe, M. (2015). On the relationship between corruption and migration: Empirical evidence from a gravity model of migration. Public Choice, 163, 337–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Portes, A., & Böröcz, J. (1989). Contemporary immigration: Theoretical perspectives on its determinants and modes of incorporation. International Migration Review, 23(3), 606–630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Psacharopoulos, G., & Patrinos, H. A. (2018). Returns to Investment in Education: A decennial review of the global literature. Education Economics, 26(5), 445–458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qian, N. (2015). Making Progress on foreign aid. Annual Review of Economics, 7, 277–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajan, R. G., & Subramanian, A. (2011). Aid, Dutch disease, and manufacturing growth. Journal of Development Economics, 94(1), 106–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Remmer, K. (2004). Does foreign aid promote the expansion of government? American Journal of Political Science, 48(1), 77–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rheindorf, M., & Wodak, R. (2018). Borders, fences, and limits—Protecting Austria from refugees: Metadiscursive negotiation of meaning in the current refugee crisis. Journal of Immigrant & Migrant Studies, 16(1–2), 15–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodrik, D. (1990). How should structural adjustment programs be designed? World Development, 18(7), 933–947.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotte, R., & Volger, M. (2000). The effects of development on migration: Theoretical issues and new empirical evidence. Journal of Population Economics, 13(3), 485–508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saldaña-Zorrilla, S. O., & Sandberg, K. (2009). Spatial econometric model of natural disaster impacts on human migration in vulnerable regions of Mexico. Disasters, 33(4), 591–607.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savun, B., & Tirone, D. (2012). Exogenous shocks, foreign aid, and civil war. International Organization, 66(3), 363–393.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schain, M. A. (2018). Shifting tides: Radical-right populism and immigration policy in Europe and the United States. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwittay, A. (2019). Digital mediations of everyday humanitarianism: The case of Kiva.org. Third World Quarterly, 40(10), 1921–1938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scribner, T. (2017). You are not welcome here anymore: Restoring support for refugee resettlement in the age of Trump. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 5(2), 263–284.

  • Selaya, P., & Sunesen, E. R. (2012). Does foreign aid increase foreign direct investment? World Development, 40(11), 2155–2176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sumarto, S., Suryahadi, A., & Bazzi, S. (2008). Indonesia’s social protection during and after the crisis. In A. Barrientos & D. Hulme (Eds.), Social protection for the poor and the poorest. Palgrave studies in development (pp. 121–145). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suwa-Eisenmann, A., & Verdier, T. (2007). Aid and trade. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 23(3), 481–507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tertytchnaya, K., de Vries, C. E., Solaz, H., & Doyle, D. (2018). When the money stops: Fluctuations in financial remittances and incumbent approval in Central Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. American Political Science Review, 112(4), 758–774.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vreeland, J. R. (2003). The IMF and economic development. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wintle, M. (1992). Push-factors in emigration: The case of the province of Zeeland in the nineteenth century. Population Studies, 46(3), 523–537.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witte, G., & Beck, L. (2017). Austria turns sharply to the right in an election shaped by immigration. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/austrian-election-yields-a-hard-right-turn-as-conservative-and-nationalist-parties-gain/2017/10/15/d1dce850-ad22-11e7-9b93-b97043e57a22_story.html. 20 March 2020.

  • Wolf, S. (2007). Does aid improve public service delivery? Review of World Economics, 143(4), 650–672.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, T. K. (2015). Rights, deportation, and detention in the age of immigration control. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zezza, A., Carletto, G., & Davis, B. (2005). Moving away from poverty: A spatial analysis of poverty and migration in Albania. Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, 7(2), 175–193.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Thunderbird School of Global Management, Arizona State University, 400 E. Van Buren Suite 856, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA

    Jonas Gamso

  2. Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA

    Jikuo Lu & Farhod Yuldashev

Authors
  1. Jonas Gamso
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jikuo Lu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Farhod Yuldashev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jonas Gamso.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(DOCX 52 kb)

ESM 2

(DO 5 kb)

ESM 3

(DTA 182 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gamso, J., Lu, J. & Yuldashev, F. Does foreign aid volatility increase international migration?. Rev Int Organ 16, 581–598 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-020-09400-2

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-020-09400-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation