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Production of the bioactive pigment elsinochrome A by a cultured mycobiont strain of the lichen Graphis elongata

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Abstract

We report the production of the perylenequinone pigment elsinochrome A in aposymbiotic culture of the mycobiont of the crustose epiphytic lichen Graphis elongata Zenker (Lecanoromycetes), collected in Argentina (Buenos Aires). The substance was not detected in the lichenized thallus (using HPLC techniques) and is otherwise only known from one unrelated lichen and a few genera of non-lichenized, plant-pathogenic fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The phylogenetic affinities of the lichen mycobiont and the cultured fungus were confirmed using DNA sequence data of the mitochondrial small subunit rDNA (mtSSU), which place the lichen fungus into the Allographa clade within Graphidaceae. The mycobiont pigment was purified and characterized by spectroscopic methods. This is the first case where a rare pigment, otherwise known from non-lichenized, plant-pathogenic fungi, is produced in aposymbiotic culture of a lichen mycobiont, while, at the same time, being absent from the lichen thallus itself. Based on this finding, we discuss the previously postulated hypothesis that lichen mycobionts maintain secondary metabolic pathways of non-lichenized ancestors in their genome, while gene expression and production of metabolites is suppressed in the lichenized state due to toxicity to the photobiont.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET) and the University of Buenos Aires for the financial support. A.T. Fazio, M.T. Adler, and M.S. Maier are Research Members of CONICET. The workshop where the lichen was first studied, as well as the molecular work, were supported by grants from the National Science Foundation: Neotropical Epiphytic Microlichens—An Innovative Inventory of a Highly Diverse yet Little Known Group of Symbiotic Organisms (DEB-0715660 to The Field Museum; PI R. Lücking) and ATM—Assembling a taxonomic monograph: The lichen family Graphidaceae (DEB-1025861 to The Field Museum; PI T. Lumbsch, CoPI R. Lücking).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. InMiBo (ex PROPLAME-PRHIDEB) UBA-CONICET—Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Alejandra T. Fazio & Mónica T. Adler

  2. UMYMFOR—Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Alejandra T. Fazio & Marta S. Maier

  3. Toxicology Center, National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthabur, 11000, Thailand

    Sittiporn Parnmen

  4. Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA

    Sittiporn Parnmen & Robert Lücking

  5. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6–8, 14195, Berlin, Germany

    Robert Lücking

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  1. Alejandra T. Fazio
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  2. Mónica T. Adler
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  3. Sittiporn Parnmen
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  5. Marta S. Maier
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Correspondence to Marta S. Maier.

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Fazio, A.T., Adler, M.T., Parnmen, S. et al. Production of the bioactive pigment elsinochrome A by a cultured mycobiont strain of the lichen Graphis elongata. Mycol Progress 17, 479–487 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-017-1374-1

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