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Buprenorphine Maintenance Treatment Retention Improves Nationally Recommended Preventive Primary Care Screenings when Integrated into Urban Federally Qualified Health Centers

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Abstract

Buprenorphine maintenance therapy (BMT) expands treatment access for opioid dependence and can be integrated into primary health-care settings. Treating opioid dependence, however, should ideally improve other aspects of overall health, including preventive services. Therefore, we examined how BMT affects preventive health-care outcomes, specifically nine nationally recommended primary care quality health-care indicators (QHIs), within federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) from an observational cohort study of 266 opioid-dependent patients initiating BMT between 07/01/07 and 11/30/08 within Connecticut’s largest FQHC network. Nine nationally recommended preventive QHIs were collected longitudinally from electronic health records, including screening for chronic infections, metabolic conditions, and cancer. A composite QHI score (QHI-S), based on the percentage of eligible QHIs achieved, was categorized as QHI-S ≥80 % (recommended) and ≥90 % (optimal). The proportion of subjects achieving a composite QHI-S ≥80 and ≥90 % was 57.1 and 28.6 %, respectively. Screening was highest for hypertension (91.0 %), hepatitis C (80.1 %), hepatitis B (76.3 %), human immunodeficiency virus (71.4 %), and hyperlipidemia (72.9 %) and lower for syphilis (49.3 %) and cervical (58.5 %), breast (44.4 %), and colorectal (48.7 %) cancer. Achieving QHI-S ≥80 % was positively and independently associated with ≥3-month BMT retention (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.19; 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.18–4.04) and BMT prescription by primary care providers (PCPs) rather than addiction psychiatric specialists (AOR = 3.38; 95 % CI = 1.78–6.37), and negatively with being female (AOR = 0.30; 95 % CI = 0.16–0.55). Within primary health-care settings, achieving greater nationally recommended health-care screenings or QHIs was associated with being able to successfully retain patients on buprenorphine longer (3 months or more) and when buprenorphine was prescribed simultaneously by PCPs rather than psychiatric specialists. Decreased preventive screening for opioid-dependent women, however, may require gender-based strategies for achieving health-care parity. When patients can be retained, integrating BMT into urban FQHCs is associated with improved health outcomes including increased multiple preventive health-care screenings.

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Funding

The National Institute on Drug Abuse provided career development funding for Professors Altice (K24 DA017072) and Zelenev (K01 DA037826).

Role of Funding Source

The National Institute on Drug Abuse had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of data, writing of the manuscript or decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Contributors

All authors participated in the research and manuscript preparation and have approved the final manuscript. All coauthors had complete access to the data each contributed to the other manuscript components:

a. Literature Review: Haddad, Zelenev and Altice

b. Statistical analysis: Zelenev, Haddad, and Altice

c. First draft of manuscript: Haddad

d. Data management: Haddad and Zelenev

e. Study Design: Haddad, Zelenev and Altice

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Community Health Center, Inc., 635 Main Street, Middletown, CT, 06457, USA

    Marwan S. Haddad

  2. Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Alexei Zelenev & Frederick L. Altice

  3. Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA

    Frederick L. Altice

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  1. Marwan S. Haddad
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  2. Alexei Zelenev
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  3. Frederick L. Altice
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Correspondence to Marwan S. Haddad.

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Prior Presentations

This work was previously presented as: Haddad MS, Zelenev A, Altice FL. Buprenorphine Treatment Reduces Harms and Improves Quality Health Outcomes [Oral Presentation, Abstract 884]. International Harm Reduction Conference. Vilnius, Lithuania. June 9–12, 2013.

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Haddad, M.S., Zelenev, A. & Altice, F.L. Buprenorphine Maintenance Treatment Retention Improves Nationally Recommended Preventive Primary Care Screenings when Integrated into Urban Federally Qualified Health Centers. J Urban Health 92, 193–213 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-014-9924-1

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