Skip to main content
Log in

Towards a Benefits Theory of Leisure Well-Being

  • Published:
Applied Research in Quality of Life Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We view leisure well-being as satisfaction in leisure life that contributes to subjective well-being. The model we propose focuses on how leisure activities contribute to leisure well-being. We surmise that a leisure activity contributes to leisure well-being by satisfying a set of basic needs (benefits related to safety, health, economic, sensory, escape, and/or sensation/stimulation needs) and growth needs (benefits related to symbolic, aesthetic, moral, mastery, relatedness, and/or distinctiveness needs). Also, further amplification occurs when certain benefits of leisure activities match corresponding personality traits and goals of the participants; safety consciousness, health consciousness, price sensitivity, hedonism, escapism, sensation seeking, status consciousness, aestheticism, moral sensitivity, competitiveness, sociability, and need for distinctiveness, respectively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbott-Chapman, J., & Robertson, M. (2015). Youth leisure, places, spaces and identity. In Landscapes of Leisure (pp. 123–134). Palgrave Macmillan UK.

  • Abuhamdeh, S., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2004). The artistic personality: A systems perspective. In R. J. Sternberg, E. L. Grigorenka, & J. L. Singer (Eds.), Creativity: from potential to realization (pp. 31–42). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, K. B., Leibbrandt, S., & Moon, H. (2011). A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life. Ageing and Society, 31, 683–712.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agapito, D., Valle, P., & Mendes, J. (2014). The sensory dimension of tourist experiences: Capturing meaningful sensory-informed themes in Soutwest Portugal. Tourism Management, 42, 224–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amerine, M. A., Pangborn, R. M., & Roessler, E. B. (2013). Principals of sensory evaluation of food. Elsevier.

  • Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being. New York: Plenum Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Anić, P. (2014). Hedonic and eudaimonic motives for favourite leisure activities. Primenjena Psihologija, 7, 5–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Argyle, M. (1997). Subjective well-being. In A. Offer (Ed.), In pursuit of the quality of life. Oxford: Clarendon Press Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attanasio, O., Hurst, E., & Pistaferri, L. (2015). The evolution of income, consumption, and leisure inequality in the United States. In C. D. Carrol & T. F. Crossley (Eds.), Improving the measurement of consumer expenditures. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balatsky, G., & Diener, E. (1993). Subjective well-being among Russian students. Social Indicators Research, 28, 225–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beard, J. G., & Ragheb, M. G. (1980). Measuring leisure satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 12, 20–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, K. H., & Lund, A. K. (1981). The effects of health threat seriousness and personal efficacy upon intentions and behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 11, 401–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Best, K., Miller, W. C., Huston, G., Routhier, F., & Engg, J. J. (2016). Pilot study of a peer-led wheelchair training program to improve self-efficacy using a manual wheelchair: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and rehabilitation, 97(1), 37–44.

  • Blank, C., Leichtfried, V., Schobersberger, W., & Möller, C. (2015). Does leisure time negatively affect personal health? World Leisure Journal (ahead-of-print), 1–6.

  • Bosnjak, M., Brown, C. A., Lee, D. J., Grace, B. Y., & Sirgy, M. J. (2016). Self-expressiveness in sport tourism: Determinants and consequences. Journal of Travel Research, 55, 125–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bove, L. L., Nagpal, A., & Dorsett, S. A. D. (2009). Exploring the determinants of the frugal shopper. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 16, 291–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brajša-Žganec, A., Merkaš, M., & Šverko, I. (2011). Quality of life and leisure activities: How do leisure activities contribute to subjective well-being? Social Indicators Research, 102, 81–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, D., & Stebbins, R. (2014). Solo ice climbing: An exploration of a new outdoor leisure activity. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 6, 55–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brightbill, C. K. (1960). The challenge of leisure. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, V., Diomedi, B. Z., Moodie, M., Veerman, J. L., & Carter, R. (2016). A systematic review of economic analyses of active transport interventions that include physical activity benefits. Transport policies, 45, 190–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, I. T. (1996). Safety nets and security blankets: false dichotomies in leisure studies. Leisure Studies, 15, 17–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, L. L., & Andereck, K. (1994). Motives for initiating and continuing membership in a recreation-related voluntary association. Leisure Sciences, 16, 33–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., & Rodgers, W. L. (1976). The quality of American life. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Careless, D., & Douglas, K. (2016). The Bristol active life project: Physical activity and sport for mental health. In Sports-Based Health Interventions (pp. 101–115). Springer New York.

  • Carruthers, C., & Hood, C. D. (2004). The power of the positive: Leisure and well-being. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 38, 225–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, H. H. (2016). Gender differences in leisure involvement and flow experiences in professional extreme sport activities. World Leisure Journal, 1–16.

  • Chang, L. C., & Yu, P. (2013). Relationships between leisure factors and health-related stress among older adults. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 18, 79–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, C., & Chen, F. (2010). Experience quality, perceived value, satisfaction and behavioral intentions for heritage tourists. Tourism Management, 31, 29–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, C. C., Hyang, W. J., & Petrick, J. F. (2016). Holiday recovery experiences, tourism statisfaction – Is there a relationship? Tourism Management, 53, 140–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, T. M., & Lu, C. C. (2015). The causal relationships among recreational involvement, flow experience, and well-being for surfing activities. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research (ahead-of-print), 1–19.

  • Chitturi, R., Raghunathan, R., & Mahajan, V. (2008). Delight by design: the role of hedonic versus utilitarian benefits. Journal of Marketing, 72, 48–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conway, N., Clinton, M., Sturges, J., & Budjanovcanin, A. (2015). Using self-determination theory to understand the relationship between calling enactment and daily well-being. Journal of Organizational Behavior. doi:10.1002/job.2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., & LeFevre, J. (1989). Optimal experience in work and leisure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 815–822.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Rathunde, K. (2014). Adolescent happiness and family interaction. In Applications of Flow in Human Development and Education. Dordrecht: Springer.

  • Davidson, L. (2015). The narrative construction of self through a commitment to mountaineering. Mountaineering Tourism, 121.

  • Davidson, C., Ewert, D., & Chang, Y. (2016). Multiple methods for identifying outcomes of a high challenge adventure activity. Journal of Experiential Education, published online.

  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). Self-determination. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dolnicar, S., Yanamandram, V., & Cliff, K. (2012). The contribution of vacations to quality of life. Annals of Tourism Research, 39, 59–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong, X., Li, Y., & Simon, M. A. (2014). Social Engagement among US Chinese Older Adults—Findings from the PINE Study. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 69(Suppl 2), S82–S89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Driver, B. L., Brown, P. J., & Peterson, G. L. (1991). Benefits of leisure. State College: Venture Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumazedler, J. (1974). Sociology of leisure. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eakins, J. (2016). An examination of the determinants of Irish household sports expenditures and the effects of the economic recession. European Sport. Management Quarterly, 6, 86–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edginton, C., DeGraaf, D., Rodney, Dieser, R., & Edginton, S., (2005). Leisure and life satisfaction: Foundational perspectives. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

  • Ekinci, Y., Sirakaya-Turk, E., & Preciado, S. (2013). Symbolic consumption of tourism destination brands. Journal of Business Research, 66, 711–718.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson, K. A., & Hastie, R. (2013). Contemporary approaches to the study of thinleing and problem-solving. Thinking and Problem Solving, 2, 37–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Filep, S. (2008). Applying the dimensions of flow to explore visitor engagement and satisfaction. Visitor Studies, 11, 90–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Filep, S. (2012). Positive psychology and tourism. In M. Uysal, R. Perdue, & M. J. Sirgy (Eds.), Handbook of tourism and quality-of-life research: Enhancing the lives of tourists and residents of host communities (pp. 31–50). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, D. (2015). The mastery motive. In The Science of Why (pp. 93–109). Palgrave Macmillan US.

  • Forcier, B. H., Walters, A. E., Brasher, E. E., & Jones, J. W. (2001). Creating a safer working environment through psychological assessment: A review of a measure of safety consciousness. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 22, 53–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J. (2012). The economics of well-being. Harvard Business Review, 90, 78–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frochota, I., & Morrison, M. A. (2001). Benefit segmentation: A review of its applications to travel and tourism research. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 9, 21–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Funk, D. C., & James, J. D. (2015). An evolutionary perspective. Routledge Handbook of Theory in Sport Management, 247.

  • Gilbert, D., & Abdullah, J. (2004). Holiday-taking and the sense of well-being. Annals of Tourism Research, 31, 103–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godbey, C., Caldwell, L., Floyd, M., & Payne, L. L. (2005). Contributions of leisure studies and recreation and park management research to the active living agenda. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28, 150–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grzeskowiak, S., Lee, D. J., Grace, B. Y., & Sirgy, M. J. (2014). How do consumers perceive the quality-of-life impact of durable goods? A consumer well-being model based on the consumption life cycle. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 9, 683–709.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Habib, K. N., Mann, J., Mahmoud, M., & Weiss, A. (2014). Synopsis of bicycle demand in the City of Toronto: Investigating the effects of perception, consciousness and comfortability on the purpose of biking and bike ownership. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 70, 67–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, C. M., & Weiler, B. (1992). Introduction. In C. M. Hall & B. Weiler (Eds.), Special interest tourism (pp. 1–14). Wiley: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallman, D. M., Ekman, A. H., & Lyskove, E. (2014). Changes in physical activity and heart rate variability in chronic neck-shoulder pain: Monitoring during work and leisure time. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 87, 735–744.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haraszti, R. A., Pureble, G., Salavecz, G., Poole, L., Dockray, S., & Stetoe, A. (2014). Morningness-eveningness interfere with perceived health, physical activity diet and stress levels in working women: A cross-sectional study. Cronobiology International, 31, 829–837.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, W., & Portney, P. R. (1987). Valuing the benefits of health and safety regulation. Journal of Urban Economics, 22, 101–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasmi, H. M., Gross, M. J., & Scott-Young, C. M. (2014). Leisure and settlement distress: the case of South Australian migrants. Annals of Leisure Research, 17, 377–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Headey, B., Veenhoven, R., & Wearing, A. (1991). Top-down versus bottom-up theories of subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 24, 81–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2001). Emotional stability as a major dimension of happiness. Personality and Individual, 31, 1357–1364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hills, P., Argyle, M., & Reeves, R. (2000). Individual differences in leisure satisfactions: An investigation of four theories of leisure motivation. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 763–779.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inglehart, R. F. (2008). Changing values among western publics from 1970 to 2006. West European Politics, 31, 130–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1980). Social psychological perspectives on leisure and recreation. Charles C: Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwasaki, Y., & Smale, B. J. A. (1998a). Longitudinal analyses of the relationships among life transitions, chronic health problems, leisure, and psychological well-being. Leisure Sciences, 20, 25–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iwasaki, Y., & Smale, B. J. A. (1998b). Longitudinal analyses of the relationships among life transitions, chronic health problems, leisure, and psychological well-being. Leisure Sciences, 201, 25–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, L. T. (2008). Leisure activities and quality of life. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 23, 19–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janke, M., & Davey, A. (2006). Implications of selective optimization with compensation on the physical, formal and informal leisure patterns of adults. Indian Journal of Gerontology, 20, 51–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, J., Imboden, K., & Ivic, R. (2011). Sensation seeking and narrative transportation: High sensation seeking children's interest in reading outside of school. Scientific Studies of Reading, 15, 541–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, M. (1979). Leisure: lifestyle and lifespan. Philadelphia: Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, J. R. (1987). Freedom to be: a new sociology of leisure. New York: MacMillian.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, J. R. (1990). Leisure. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H., Woo, E., & Uysal, M. (2015). Tourism experience and quality of life among elderly tourists. Tourism Management, 46, 465–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, M., Park, S., Park, B., Cho, Y. H., & Kang, S. Y. (2016). A new paradigm for the spread sport leisure culture focussing on the IT-based convergence interactive system. In Information science and applications (ICISA) (pp. 1477–1485). Singapore: Springer Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleiber, D. (1999). A dialectical interpretation: leisure experience and human development. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koopman-Boyden, P. G., & Reid, S. L. (2009). Internet/e-mail usage and well-being among 65–84 years olds in New Zealand: Policy implications. Educational Gerontology, 35, 990–1007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger, S., Sirgy, M. J., Lee, D. J., & Yu, G. (2015). Does life Satisfaction of tourists increase if they set travel goals that have high positive valence? Tourism Analysis, 20, 173–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuentzel, W. F. (2000). Self-identity, modernity, and rational actor in leisure research. Journal of Leisure Research, 32, 87–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuykendall, L., Tay, L., & Ng, V. (2015). Leisure engagement and subjective well-being: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 364–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lapa, T. Y. (2013). Life satisfaction, leisure satisfaction and perceived freedom of park recreation participants. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93, 1985–1993.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lapointe, M. C., & Perreault, S. (2013). Motivation: Understanding leisure engagement and disengagement. Loisir et Société/Society and Leisure, 36, 136–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laviolette, P. (2012). Extreme landscapes of leisure: Not a hap hazardous sport. Ashgate Publishing Ltd..

  • Lee, D. J., Kruger, S., Whang, M. J., Uysal, M., & Sirgy, M. J. (2014). Validating a customer well-being index related to natural wildlife tourism. Tourism Management, 45, 171–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, B., Lawson, K. M., Chang, P. J., Neuendorf, C., Dmitrieva, N. O., & Almeida, D. M. (2015). Leisure-time physical activity moderates the longitudinal associations between work-family spillover and physical health. Journal of Leisure Research, 47, 1–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehto, X. Y., Park, O., Fu, X., & Lee, G. (2014). Student life stress and leisure participation. Annals of Leisure Research, 17, 200–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemon, B. W., Bengston, V. L., & Peterson, J. A. (1972). An exploration of the activity theory of aging: Activity types and life satisfaction among in-movers to a retirement community. Journal of Gerontology, 27, 511–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leuenberger, A. (2006). Endorphins, exercise, and addictions: a review of exercise dependence. Impulse: The Premier Journal for Undergraduate Publications in the. Neurosciences, 1–9.

  • Leung, L., & Lee, P. S. (2005). Multiple determinants of life quality: The roles of Internet activities, use of new media, social support, and leisure activities. Telematics and Informatics, 22, 161–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H. (2014). Personality, leisure satisfaction, and subjective well-being of serious leisure participants. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 42, 1117–1125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long, H. (1995). Outcomes of Elderhostel Participation. Educational Gerontology, 21, 113–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long, J., Hylton, K., & Spracklen, K. (2014). Whiteness, blackness and settlement: Leisure and the integration of new migrants. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 40, 1779–1797.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lusby, C., & Anderson, S. (2010). Ocean cruising – a lifestyle process. Leisure/Loisir, 34, 85–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lusmägi, P., Einasto, M., & Roosma, A. (2016). Leisure-time physical activity among different social groups of Estonia: Results of the national physical activity survey. Physical Culture and Sport Studies and Research, 69, 43–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra, N. K. (1988). Self-concept and product choice: an integrated perspective. Journal of Economic Psychology, 9, 1–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayo, E. J., & Jarvis, L. P. (1981). The psychology of leisure travel. Boston: CBI Publishing Company, Inc..

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, F. (1984). Improving the quality of life for residents of long term care facilities through video games. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 6, 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKay, T. M. (2014). Locating South Africa within the global adventure tourism industry: the case of bungee jumping. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, 24, 161–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menec, V. H., & Chipperfield, J. G. (1997). Remaining active in later life: The role of locus of control in seniors’ leisure activity participation, health, and life satisfaction. Journal of Aging & Health, 9, 105–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitas, O. (2010). Positive emotions in mature adults’ leisure travel experiences. Doctoral dissertation: The Pennsylvania State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molina-García, J., Castillo, I., & Queralt, A. (2011). Leisure-time physical activity and psychological well-being in university students. Psychological Reports, 109, 453–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, J. F. (1974). Concepts of leisure: Philosophical implications. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in personality. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mutz, M., & Műller, J. (2016). Mental health benefits of outdoor adventures: Results from two pilot studies. Journal of Adolescence, 49, 105–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myrseth, H., Tvera, R., Hagatun, S., & Lindgren, C. (2012). A comparison of impulsivity and sensation seeking in pathological gamblers and skydivers. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53, 340–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myyry, L., & Helkama, K. (2002). The role of value priorities and professional ethics training in moral sensitivity. Journal of Moral Education, 31, 35–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neal, J., Sirgy, M., & Uysal, M. (1999). The role of satisfaction with leisure travel/tourism services and experience in satisfaction with leisure life and overall life. Journal of Business Research, 44, 153–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neulinger, J. (1981). The psychology of leisure (2nd ed.). Boston: Charles C. Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, D. B., Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2014). Leisure and subjective well-being: a model of psychological mechanisms as mediating factors. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15, 555–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nimrod, G., Kleiber, D. A., & Berdychevsky, L. (2012). Leisure in coping with depression. Journal of Leisure Research, 44, 419–449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira, S. N., & Doll, J. (2016). Careers in serious leisure: From dabbler to devotee in search of fulfillment. World Leisure Journal, 1–3.

  • Pachana, N. A. (2016). Driving space and access to activity. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 71, 69–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prebensen, N., Woo, E., Chen, J., & Uysal, M. (2012). Motivation and involvement as antecedents of the perceived value of the destination experience. Journal of Travel Research, 52, 253–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ragheb, M. G., & Griffith, C. A. (1982). The contribution of leisure participation and leisure satisfaction to life satisfaction of older persons. Journal of Leisure Research, 14, 295–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, F., & Lim, K. H. (2007). Contribution of visual art-making to the subjective well-being of women living with cancer: A qualitative study. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 34, 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roult, R., Adjzian, J. M., Auger, D., & Royer, C. (2016). Sporting and leisure activities among adolescents: A case study of the spatial planning of the proximity of leisure and sports facilities in rural and suburban territories in Quebec. Loisir et Société and Leisure, 39, 31–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sato, M., Jordan, J. S., & Funk, D. C. (2014). The role of physically active leisure for enhancing quality of life. Leisure Sciences, 36, 293–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50, 19–45.

  • Shih, H. M., & Chen, S. L. (2013). A study on the sensation seeking and optimal experience of river racing participants. In 2013 Fourth International Conference on Education and Sports Education (ESE 2013, pp. 465–469). Singapore Management and Sports Science Institute.

  • Shim, C., Santos, C. A., & Choi, M. J. (2013). Malling as a leisure activity in South Korea. Journal of Leisure Research, 45, 367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sirgy, M. J. (1982). Self-concept in consumer behavior: a critical review. Journal of Consumer Research, 9, 287–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sirgy, M. J. (1986). Self-congruity: toward a theory of personality and cybernetics. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirgy, M. J. (2012). The psychology of quality of life: hedonic well-being, life satisfaction, and eudaimonia. New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sirgy, M. J., & Su, C. (2000). Destination image, self-congruity, and travel behavior: Toward an integrative model. Journal of Travel Research, 38, 340–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snepenger, D., King, J., Marshall, E., & Uysal, M. (2006). Modelling Iso-Ahola’s motivation theory in the tourism context. Journal of Travel Research, 45, 140–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, M., & DeBono, K. G. (1985). Appeals to image and claims about quality: Understanding the psychology of advertising. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 586.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnentag, S. (2012). Psychological detachment from work during leisure time the benefits of mentally disengaging from work. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 114–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2007). The Recovery Experience Questionnaire: development and validation of a measure for assessing recuperation and unwinding from work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnentag, S., & Zijlstra, F. R. (2006). Job characteristics and off-job activities as predictors of need for recovery, well-being, and fatigue. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sotomayor, S., & Barbieri, C. (2016). An exploratory examination of serious surfers: Implications for the surf tourism industry. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18, 62–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stathi, A., Fox, K. R., & McKenna, J. (2002). Physical activity and dimensions of subjective well-being in older adults. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity, 10, 76–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stebbins, R. A. (1992). Amateurs, professionals, and serious leisure. Montreal, QC and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stebbins, R. A. (1996). Volunteering: a serious leisure perspective. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 25, 211–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stebbins, R. A. (2005). Project-based leisure: theoretical neglect of a common use of free time. Leisure Studies, 24, 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stebbins, R. A. (2012). The idea of leisure: first principles. New Brunswick: Transaction.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stebbins, R. A. (2015). Serious leisure: a perspective for our time. New Brunswick: Transaction.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stranger, M. (1999). The aesthetics of risk. International Review of the Sociology of Sport, 34, 265–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, J., & Soutar, G. (2001). Consumer perceived value: The development of a multiple item scale. Journal of Retailing, 77, 203–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sylvester, C. (2015). With leisure and recreation for all: preserving and promoting a worthy pledge. World Leisure Journal, 57, 76–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tapps, T., Beck, S., Cho, D., & Volberding, J. (2013). Sports motivation: three generations of college athletes. Journal of the Oklahoma Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, 50, 43–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thaler, R. (1985). Mental accounting and consumer choice. Marketing Science, 4, 199–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D. W., & Butts, F. B. (1988). Assessing leisure motivators and satisfaction of international elder hostel participants. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 7, 31–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tinsley, H. E. A., & Tinsley, D. J. (1986). A theory of the attributes, benefits, and causes of leisure experience. Leisure Sciences, 8, 1–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trost, W., Ethofer, T., Zentner, M., & Vuilleumier, P. (2012). Mapping aesthetic musical emotions in the brain. Cerebral Cortex, 22, 2769–2783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Twenge, J. M., Campbell, S. M., Hoffman, B. J., & Lance, C. E. (2010). Generational differences in work values: Leisure and extrinsic values increasing, social and intrinsic values decreasing. Journal of Management, 36, 1117–1142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, L. S., & Kernan, J. B. (1983). On the meaning of leisure: An investigation of some determinants of the subjective experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 9, 381–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urbany, J. E., Bearden, W. O., Kaicker, A., & Smith-de Borrero, M. (1997). Transaction utility effects when quality is uncertain. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 25, 45–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veal, J. (1992). Definitions of leisure and recreation. Australian Journal of leisure & Recreation, 2(44–48), 52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Visentin, A., de Fátima Mantovani, M., Caveião, C., Mendes, T. A., Neves, A.S., & Hey, A.P. (2016). Quality of life of an institution hypertensive older woman long stay. RENE-Revista da Rede de Engermagem do Nordeste, 16(2). Ahead of print

  • Vitterso, J. (2004). Subjective well-being versus self-actualization: using the flow simplex to promote a conceptual clarification of subjective quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 65, 299–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wakefield, K. L., & Barnes, J. H. (1997). Retailing hedonic consumption: A model of sales promotion of a leisure service. Journal of Retailing, 72, 409–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, G. J., Deng, J. Y., & Diser, R. B. (2005). Culture, self-construal, and leisure theory and practice. Journal of Leisure Research, 37, 77–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, M., & Wong, M. C. (2014). Leisure and Happiness: Evidence from International Survey Data. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15, 85–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., & Conti, R. (2008). The implications of two conceptions of happiness (hedonic enjoyment and eudaimonia) for the understanding of intrinsic motivation. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 41–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wegner, L., & Flisher, A. J. (2009). Leisure boredom and adolescent risk behaviour: A systematic literature review. Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health., 21, 1–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weng, P. Y., & Chang, Y. C. (2014). Psychological restoration through indoor and outdoor leisure activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 46, 203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westaby, J. D., & Lee, B. C. (2003). Antecedents of injury among youth in agricultural settings: A longitudinal examination of safety consciousness, dangerous risk taking, and safety knowledge. Journal of Safety Research, 34, 227–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, D. D., & Hendee, J. C. (2000). Primal hypotheses: The relationship between naturalness, solitude, and the wilderness experience benefits of development of self, development of community, and spiritual development. In USDA Forest Proceedings RMRS-P-VCL-3, 2000, pp. 223–227.

  • Yarnal, C. M., Chick, G., & Kerstetter, D. L. (2008). ‘I did not have time to play growing up … so this is my play time. It’s the best thing that I have ever done for myself: What is play to older women? Leisure Sciences, 30, 235–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, M. (1969). Theoretical formulations. In J. Zubek (Ed.), Sensory deprivation: Fifteen years of research. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, M. (1971). Dimensions of sensation thinking. Journal of Counselling and Clinical Psychology, 36, 45–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, M. (2007). The sensation seeking scale V (SSS-V): still reliable and valid. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1303–1305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, M., & Aluja, A. (2014). Measures of sensation seeking. In G. J. Boyle, Sakloofske, & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs. UK: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuzanek, J., & Zuzanek, T. (2014). Of happiness and of despair, is there a measure? Time use and subjective well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Joseph Sirgy.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sirgy, M.J., Uysal, M. & Kruger, S. Towards a Benefits Theory of Leisure Well-Being. Applied Research Quality Life 12, 205–228 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-016-9482-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-016-9482-7

Keywords

Navigation