Abstract
Dragonfly is one of the most excellent nature flyers, and its wings exhibit excellent functional characteristics through the coupling and synergy of morphology, configuration, structure and material. The functional characteristics presented by dragonfly wings provide an biological inspiration for the investigation and development of aerospace vehicles and bionics flapping aerocraft flapping-wing micro air vehicles. In resent years, some progresses have been achieved in the researches on the wings’ geometric structure, material characteristics, flying mechanism and the controlling mode. In this paper, the functional characteristics of the dragonfly wings including flying, self-cleaning, anti-fatigue, vibration elimination and noise reduction are introduced and the effects of their morphology, configuration, structure and material on the functional characteristics are described. Moreover, the current state of the bionic study on the functional characteristics of dragonfly wings is analyzed and its application prospect is depicted.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ren L Q, Liang Y H. Biological couplings: Function, characteristics and implementation mode. Sci China Tech Sci, 2010, 53: 379–387
Taheri A, Orangi S. A novel miniature virus-inspired swimming robot for biomedical applications. Sci China Tech Sci, 2010, 53: 2883–2895
Tian X M, Han Z W, Li X J, et al. Biological coupling anti-wear properties of three typical molluscan shells—Scapharca subcrenata, Rapana venosa and Acanthochiton rubrolineatus. Sci China Tech Sci, 2010, 53: 2905–2913
Hu Y, Han Z W, Xu M X, et al. Anti-wear properties on 20CrMnTi steel surfaces with biomimetic non-smooth units. Sci China Tech Sci, 2010, 53: 2920–2924
Zhou C, Cao Z Q, Wang S, et al. A marsupial robotic fish team: Design, motion and cooperation. Sci China Tech Sci, 2010, 53: 2896–2904
Wang H, Sheng K C, Chen J, et al. Mechanical and thermal properties of sodium silicate treated moso bamboo particles reinforced PVC composites. Sci China Tech Sci, 2010, 53: 2932–2935
Zhou H, Hu T J, Xie H B, et al. Computational and experimental study on dynamic behavior of underwater robots propelled by bionic undulating fins. Sci China Tech Sci, 2010, 53: 2966–2971
Chirende B, Li J Q, Wen L G, et al. Effects of bionic non-smooth surface on reducing soil resistance to disc ploughing. Sci China Tech Sci, 2010, 53: 2960–2965
Zhang X, Zhang S J, Hapeshi K. A new method for face detection in colour images for emotional bio-robots. Sci China Tech Sci, 2010, 53: 2983–2988
Wang C F, Tong J, Sun J Y. Kinematics of Chinese toad Bufo gargarizans. Sci China Tech Sci, 2010, 53: 2936–2941
Machida K, Shimanuki J. Structure analysis of the wing of a dragonfly. Proc of SPIE Third Intl Conf on Experimental Mechanics and Third Conf of the Asian Committee on Experimental Mechanics. Bellingham: WA, 2005, 5852: 671–676
Alexander D E. Unusual phase relationships between the forewings and hindwings in flying dragonflies. J Exp Biol, 1984, 109(1): 379–383
Olberg R M, Worthington A H, Venator K R. Prey pursuit and interception in dragonflies. J Compar Physiol A, 2000, 186(2): 155–162
Kesel A B, Philippi U, Nachtigall W. Biomechanical aspects of the insect wing: An analysis using the finite element method. Comp Biol Med, 1998, 28(4): 423–437
Wakeling J M, Ellington C P. Dragonfly flight III. Lift and power requirements. J Exp Biol, 1997, 200: 583–600
Newman D J, Wootton R J. An approach to the mechanics of pleating in dragonfly wings. J Exp Biol, 1986, 126(1): 361–372
Chen J S, Chen J Y, Chou Y F. On the natural frequencies and mode shapes of dragonfly wings. J. Sound Vibr, 2008, 313: 643–654
Sudo S, Tsuyuki K, Tani J. Wing morphology of some insects. JSME Int J Ser C, 2000, 43(4):895–900
Rajabi H, Moghadami M, Darvizeh A. Investigation of microstructure, natural frequencies and vibration modes of dragonfly Wing. J Bionic Eng, 2011, 8: 165–173
Elarbi E M, Qin N. Effects of pitching rotation on aerodynamics of tandem flapping wing sections of a hovering dragonfly. Aeronaut J, 2010, 114(1161): 699–710
Hsieh C T, Kung C F, Chang C C, et al. Unsteady aerodynamics of dragonfly using a simple wing-wing model from the perspective of a force decomposition. J Fluid Mech, 2010, 663: 233–252
Chen Y H, Zhao Y, Huang W M, et al. Kinematics of dragonfly (sympetrum flaveolum) flight. In: 6TH World Congress of Biomechanics (WCB). 2010, 31: 56–59
Wan Y L, Cong Q, Jin J F, et al. Microstructure and wettability of dragonfly wings. J Jilin Univ (Engineering and Technology Edition), 2009, 39(3): 732–736
Wan Y L, Cong Q, Wang X J, et al. The wettability and mechanism of geometric non-smooth structure of dragonfly wing surface. J Bionic Eng, 2008, 5: 40–45
Wan Y L, Cong Q, Wang X J. Coupling mechanism of hydrophobicity of dragonfly wing surface. Trans Chin Soc Agric Mach, 2009, 40(9): 205–208
Zhang Z H, Zhou H, Ren L Q, et al. Effect of units in different sizes on thermal fatigue behavior of 3Cr2W8V die steel with biomimetic non-smooth surface. Int J Fatigue, 2009, 31: 468–475
Tong X, Zhou H, Zhang Z H, et al. Effects of surface shape on thermal fatigue resistance of biomimetic non-smooth cast iron. Mater Sci Eng A, 2007, 467: 97–103
Zhang Z H, Ren L Q, Zhou H, et al. Biomimetic coupling effect of non-smooth mechanical property and microstructural features on thermal fatigue behavior of medium carbon steel. Chin Sci Bull, 2009, 54(4): 584–591
Tong X, Zhou H, Chen L, et al. Effects of C content on the thermal fatigue resistance of cast iron with biomimetic non-smooth surface. Int J Fatigue, 2008, 30: 1125–1133
Tong X, Zhou H, Ren L Q, et al. Effects of graphite shape on thermal fatigue resistance of cast iron with biomimetic non-smooth surface. Int J Fatigue, 2009, 31: 668–677
Zhang Z H, Zhou H, Ren L Q, et al. Surface morphology of laser tracks used for forming the non-smooth biomimetic unit of 3Cr2W8V steel under different processing parameters. Appl Surf Sci, 2008, 254: 2548–2555
Ren L Q, Liang Y H. Biological couplings: Classification and characteristic rules. Sci China Ser E-Tech Sci, 2009, 52(10): 2791–2800
Ren L Q, Liang Y H. Coupling Bionics. Beijing: Science Press, 2012
Wakeling J M, Ellington C P. Dragonfly flight II. Velocities, accelerations and kinematics of flapping flight. J Exp Biol, 1997, 200: 557–582
Weis-Fogh T. Quick estimates of flight fitness in hovering animals, including novel mechanisms for lift production. J Exp Biol, 1973, 59: 169–230
Thomas A L R, Taylor G K, Srygley R B, et al. Dragonfly flight: Free-flight and tethered flow visualizations reveal a diverse array of unsteady lift-generating mechanisms, controlled primarily via angle of attack. J Exp Biol, 2004, 207: 4299–4323
Rüppell G. Kinematic analysis of symmetrical flight manoeuvers of odonata. J Exp Biol, 1989, 144: 13–42
Zhou C Y, Lin Y F. Effect of the interaction between fore-and hind-wings on lift generation. J Harbin Inst Technol, 2007, 39(4): 642–646
Zhang Y L, Zhao C X, Xu J L, et al. Effect of flapping wing contrail on aerodynamics. Chin Sci Bull, 2006, 6(51): 634–640
Norberg R A. Hovering flight of the dragonfly Aeschna Juncea L, kinematics and aerodynamics. Swimming and Flying in Nature. New York: Plenum Press, 1975, 2. 763–781
Karl G. Biological dynamical subsystems of hovering flight. Math Comput Simulat, 1996, 40: 397–410
Azuma A, Azuma S, Watanabe I, et al. Flight mechanics of a dragonfly. J Exp Biol, 1985, 116: 79–107
Sun M. High-lift generation and power requirements of insect flight. Fluid Dyn Res, 2005, 37: 21–39
Vargas A, Mittal R, Dong H. A computational study of the aerodynamic performance of a dragonfly wing section in gliding flight. Bioinsp Biomim, 2008, 3: 026004
Wakeling J M, Ellington C P. Dragonfly flight I. Gliding flight and steady-state aerodynamic forces. J Exp Biol, 1997, 200: 543–556
Hankin M A. Structure, Form, Movement. NowYork: Reinhold, 1921
Sanjay P S. The aerodynamics of insect flight. J Exp Biol, 2003, 206: 4191–4208
Somps C, Luttges M. Dragonfly flight: Novel uses of unsteady separation flows. Science, 1985, 28: 1326–1328
Saharon D, Luttges M. Visualization of unsteady separated flow produces by mechanically driven dragonfly wing kinematics model. AIAA, 1988, 88: 1–23
Wan Y L. Dynamics and fatigue life of three-dimensional structure of dragonfly wings. Dissertation for Doctor Degree. Jilin: Jilin Universiy, 2010
Wan Y L, Cong Q, Li S K. Self-cleaning character and dynamic analysis of drayonfly wing. J Jilin Univ (Engineering and Technology Edition), 2010, 40(5): 1283–1287
Yin C J. Flutter of Aerial Craft. Beijing: Atomic Energy Press, 2007
Jongerius S R, Lentink D. Structural analysis of a dragonfly wing. Exp Mech, 2010, 50: 1323–1334
Wootton R J. Functional morphology of insect wings. Annu Rev Entomol, 1992, 37: 113–140
Sudo S, Tsuyuki K, Ikohagi T, et al. A study on the wing structure and flapping behavior of a dragonfly. JSME Int J, 1999, 42: 721–729
Kreuz P, Arnold W, Kesel A B. Acoustic microscopic analysis of the biological structure of insect wing membranes with emphasis on their waxy surface. Ann Biomed Eng, 2001, 29: 1054–1058
Chen Y L, Wang X H, Ren H H, et al. Hierarchical dragonfly wing: Microstructure-biomechanical behavior relations. J Bionic Eng, 2012, 9: 185–191
Newman D J S. The functional wing morphology of some odonata. Dissertation for Doctor Degree. Exeter, Devon, UK: University of Exeter, 1982
Donoughe S, Crall J D, Merz R A, et al. Resilin in dragonfly and damselfly wings and its implications for wing flexibility. J Mor, 2011, 272: 1409–1421
Appel E, Gorb S N. Resilin-bearing wing vein joints in the dragonfly Epiophlebia superstes. Bioinspir Biomimet, 2011, 6(4): 046006 (11pp)
Wootton R J, Kukaiova-Peek J, Newman D J, et al. Smart engineering in the mid-carboniferous: How well could Palaeozoic dragonflies fly? Science, 1998, 282: 749–751
Okamoto M, Yasuda K, Azuma A. Aerodynamic characteristics of the wings and body of a dragonfly. J Exp Biol, 1996, 199: 281–294
Chen Y L, Wang X S, Ren H H, et al. An organic junction between the vein and membrane of the dragonfly wing. Chin Sci Bull, 2011, 56: 1658–1660
Park H, Choi H. Kinematic control of aerodynamic forces on an inclined flapping wing with asymmetric strokes. Bioinspir Biomim, 2012, 7: 016008
Ren H H, Wang X S, Chen Y L, et al. Biomechanical behaviors of dragonfly wing: Relationship between configuration and deformation. Chin Phys B, 2012, 21(3): 034501
Koehler C, Liang Z X, Gaston Z, et al. 3D reconstruction and analysis of wing deformation in free-flying dragonflies. J Exp Biol, 2012, 215: 3018–3027
Sun J Y, Bhushan B. The structure and mechanical properties of dragonfly wings and their role on flyability. C R Mec, 2012, 340(1–2): 3–17
Combes S A, Daniel T L. Flexural stiffness in insect wings I. Scaling and the influence of wing venation. J Exp Biol, 2003, 206: 2979–2987
Combes S A, Daniel T L. Flexural stiffness in insect wings II. Spatial distribution and dynamic wing bending. J Exp Biol, 2003, 206: 2989–2997
Sunada S, Zeng L J, Kawachi K. The relationship between dragonfly wing structure and torsional deformation. J Theor Biol, 1998, 193: 39–45
Song F, Xiao K W, Bai K, et al. Microstructure and nanomechanical properties of the wing membrane of dragonfly. Mater Sci Eng, 2007, 457: 254–260
Gorb S N, Kesel A, Berger J. Microsculpture of the wing surface in odonata: evidence for cuticular wax covering. Arthropod Struct Dev, 2000, 29: 129–135
Goh S. http://tech.huanqiu.com/digit/camera/focus/2011-12/2298767.html
Wang X S, Li Y, Shi Y F. Effects of sandwich microstructures on mechanical behaviors of dragonfly wing vein. Compos Sci Technol, 2008, 68: 186–192
Zhao H X, Yin Y J, Zhong Z. Assembly modes of dragonfly wings. Micro Res Technol, 2011, 74: 1134–1138
Zhao H X, Yin Y J, Zhong Z. Nano fibrous multilayered composites in pterostigma of dragonfly. Chin Sci Bull, 2010, 55(18): 1856–1858
Norberg R A. The pterostigma of insect wings an inertial regulatorof wing pith. J Eomp Physiol, 1972, 81: 9–22
J X Y, Yan J P. Status and prospects of driving mode about the wing for the bionics flapping aerocraft. Manuf Automat, 2007, 29(1): 5–9
Zeng L J, Matsumoto H K, Kawachi K J. A fringe shadow method for measuring flapping angle and torsional angle of a dragonfly wing. Meas Sci Technol, 1996, 7: 776–781
Wang H, Zeng L J, Liu H, et al. Measuring wing kinematics, flight trajectory and body attitude during forward flight and turning maneuvers in dragonflies. J Exp Biol, 2003, 206: 745–757
Song D Q, Wang H, Zeng L J, et al. Measuring the camber eformation of a dragonfly wing using projected comb fringe. Rev Sci Istrum, 2001, 72(5): 2450–2454
Cai Z J, Zeng L J, Feng Z J. Extracting the weak distorted fringes on the dragon’y wing by a correlation algorithm. Opt Laser Tech, 2001, 33: 493–497
Ma J F, Chen W Y, Zhao L, et al. Bionic design of aircraft reinforced frame based on structure of dragonfly wing. Acta Aeronaut Et Astronaut Sin, 2009, 30(3): 562–569
Ang H S, Xiao T H, Duan W B. Flight mechanism and design of biomime tic micro air vehicles. Sci China Ser E-Tech Sci, 2009, 52(12): 3722–3728
Autumn K, Liang Y A, Hsieh S T, et al. Adhesive force of a single gecko foot-hair. Nature, 2000, 405(6787): 681–685
Park J B. Biomaterial Science and Engineering. New York: Pergamon Press, 1984
Fratzl P, Gupta H S, Paschalis E P, et al. Structure and mechanical quality of the collagen-mineral nano-composite in bone. J Mater Chem, 2004, 14: 2115–2123
Chen J Q. Lignumic. Shanghai: China Forestry Publishing House, 1985
Zhao G J. Nano-dimensions in wood, nano-wood, wood and inorganic nano-composites. J Beijing Forestry Univ, 2002, 24(5–6): 204–207
Roveri N, Falini G, Sidoti M C, et al. Biologically inspired growth of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals inside self-assembled collagen fibers. Mater Sci Eng C, 2003, 23: 441–446
Lu W Q, Wang P F, Jiao C M, et al. Study on preparation of bionic HAP material by bicontinuous microemulsion template method. Chin J Inorgan Chem, 2004, 20(9): 1035–1039
Wang L D, Sun W Z, Liang T X, et al. The research status of biomimetic materials. Mater Eng, 1996, 17: 3–5
Xian X J, Xian D G, Ye Y W. Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Resin Composite and Microcosmic Morphology. Beijing: Science Press, 1995
Li B Q, Hu Q L, Qian X Z, et al. Bioabsorbable chitosan/hydroxyapatite composite rod prepared by in-situ precipitation for internal fixation of bone fracture. Acta Polym Sin, 2002, 6: 828–833
Qiao G J, Ma R, Cai N, et al. Microstructure transmissibility in preparing SiC ceramics form natural wood. J Mater Pro Tech, 2002, 120: 107–110
Zhao Y R. Structural characters, nanomechanical behaviors and biomimetical analysis of dragonfly membranous wing. Dissertation for Doctor Degree. Jilin: Jilin Universiy, 2007
Tian J M. Studies on the new-sytle reticulately stieffning thin-wall space structures by bionic modeling of dragonly wings. Thesis for Master Degree. Zhejiang: Zhejiang Universiy, 2006
Shen W. Studies on the new-sytle reticulately stieffning thin-wall cantilever by bionic modeling of dragonfly wings. Thesis for Master Degree. Zhejiang: Zhejiang Universiy, 2006
Neinhuis C, Barthlott W. Characterization and distribution of water-repellent, self-cleaning plant surfaces. Ann Botany, 1997, 79: 667–677
Burte H M, Deusen R L, Hemenger P M, et al. The Potential Impact of Biotechnology on Composites. Lancaster Pennsylvania: Tech Pub Co Inc, 1986
Xing D H, Chen W Y, Zhao L, et al. Structural bionic design for high-speed machine tool working table based on distribution rules of leaf veins. Sci China Tech Sci, 2012, 55: 2091–2098
Wen L, Wang T M, Wu G H, et al. Hybrid undulatory kinematics of a robotic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus): Theoretical modeling and experimental investigation. Sci China Tech Sci, 2012, 55: 2941–2952
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ren, L., Li, X. Functional characteristics of dragonfly wings and its bionic investigation progress. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 56, 884–897 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-013-5158-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-013-5158-9