Abstract
The dynamic changes of the activities of enzymes involving in starch biosynthesis, including ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), soluble starch synthases (SSS), starch branching enzyme (SBE) and starch debranching enzymes (DBE) were studied, and changes of fine structure of amylopectin were characterized by isoamylase treatment during rice grain development, using trans anti-waxy gene rice plants. The relationships between the activities of those key enzymes were also analyzed. The amylose synthesis was significantly inhibited in transgenic Wanjing 9522, but the total starch content and final grain weight were less affected as compared with those of non-transgenic Wanjing 9522 rice cultivar. Analyses on the changes of activities of enzymes involving in starch biosynthesis showed that different enzyme activities were expressed differently during rice endosperm development. Soluble starch synthase is relatively highly expressed in earlier stage of endosperm development, whilst maximal expression of granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) occurred in mid-stage of endosperm development. No obvious differences in changes of the activities of AGPase and SBE between two rice cultivars investigated, except the DBEs. Distribution patterns of branches of amylopectin changed continually during the development of rice grains and varied between two rice cultivars. It was suggested that amylopectin synthesis be prior to the synthesis of amylose and different enzymes have different roles in controlling syntheses of branches of amylopectin.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Smith A M. Making starch. Curr Opin Plant Biol, 1999, 2: 223–229 10375563, 10.1016/S1369-5266(99)80039-9, 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXkt1Cgs7Y%3D
Smith A M. Regulation of starch synthesis in storage organs. In: Kruger N J, Hill S A, Ratcliffe R G, eds. Regulation of Primary Metabolic Pathways in Plants. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999. 173–193
Liang J, Zhang J, Cao X Z. Grain sink strength may be related to the poor grain filling of indica-japonica rice (Oryza sativa L) hybrids. Physiol Plant, 2001, 112: 470–477 11473706, 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1120403.x, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlslShtb4%3D
Yang J, Zhang J, Wang Z, et al. Activities of enzymes involved in sucrose-to-starch metabolism in rice grains subjected to water stress during filling. Field Crops Res, 2003, 81: 69–81 10.1016/S0378-4290(02)00214-9
James M G, Denyer K, Myers A M. Starch synthesis in the cereal endosperm. Curr Opin Plant Biol, 2003, 6: 215–222 12753970, 10.1016/S1369-5266(03)00042-6, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjs1Gitrw%3D
Yamamori M. Different effects of Wx-A1,-B1 and-D1 protein deficiencies on apparent amylose content and starch pasting properties in common wheat. Theor Appl Genet, 2000, 100: 32–38 10.1007/s001220050005, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXht1aqsbc%3D
Fulton D C, Edwards A, Pillings E, et al. Role of granule-bound starch synthesis in determination of amylopectin structure and starch granule morphology in potato. J Biol Chem, 2002, 277: 10834–10841 11801600, 10.1074/jbc.M111579200, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xis1KhtL8%3D
Smith A M, Denyer K. The synthesis of starch granule. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol, 1997, 48: 67–87 10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.67, 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjs1ehur0%3D
Myers A M, Morell M K, James M G, et al. Recent pogress toward understanding biosynthesis of the amylopectin crystal. Plant Physiol, 2000, 122: 989–997 10759494, 10.1104/pp.122.4.989, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXktFSqtLg%3D
Peat S, Whelan W J, Thomas G J. Evidence of multiple branching in waxy maize starch. J Chem Soc, 1952, 4546–4548
Hizukuri S. Polymodal distribution of the chain lengths of amylopectins, and its significance. Carbohydr Res, 1986, 147: 342–347 10.1016/S0008-6215(00)90643-8, 1:CAS:528:DyaL28XhsV2gsrw%3D
Nakamura Y, Umemoto T, Takahata Y, et al. Changes in structure of starch and enzyme activities affected by sugary mutations in developing rice endosperm. Possible role of starch debranching enzyme (R-enzyme) in amylopectin biosynthesis. Physiol Plant, 1996, 97: 491–498 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1996.tb00508.x, 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xktl2gsbY%3D
Buléon A, Colonna P, Palnchot V, et al. Starch granules: structure and biosynthesis. Int J Biol Macromolecules, 1998, 23: 85–112 10.1016/S0141-8130(98)00040-3
Nakamura Y, Sakurai A, Inaba Y, et al. The fine structure of amylopectin in endosperm from Asian cultivated rice can be largely classified into two classes. Starch, 2002, 54: 117–131 10.1002/1521-379X(200204)54:3/4<117::AID-STAR117>3.0.CO;2-2, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XjtlGrtbw%3D
Nishi A, Nakamura Y, Tanaka N, et al. Biochemical and genetic analysis of the effects of Amylose-extender mutation in rice endosperm. Plant Physiol, 2001, 127: 459–472 11598221, 10.1104/pp.127.2.459, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnslGltbg%3D
Wong K S, Kubo A, Jane J J, et al. Structure and properties of amylopectin and phytoglycogen in the endosperm of sugary-1 mutants of rice. J Cereal Sci, 2003, 37: 139–149 10.1006/jcrs.2002.0485, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhtVCjt70%3D
Nakamura Y, Yuki K. Changes in enzyme activities associated with carbohydrate metabolism during the development of rice endosperm. Plant Sci, 1992, 82: 15–20 10.1016/0168-9452(92)90003-5, 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XhslSgsLs%3D
Jennifer M. Analysis of purified maize starch synthases IIa and IIb: SS isoforms can be distinguished based on their kinetic properties. Arch Biochem Biophys, 1999, 362: 131–138 10.1006/abbi.1998.1028
Nakamura Y. Some properties of starch debranching enzymes and their possible role in amylopectin biosynthesis. Plant Sci, 1996, 121: 1–18 10.1016/S0168-9452(96)04504-9, 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xnt1Whsbs%3D
Miller G L. Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Anal Chem, 1959, 31: 426–428 10.1021/ac60147a030, 1:CAS:528:DyaG1MXmtFKiuw%3D%3D
Asaoka M, Kazutoshi O, Fuwa H. Effect of environmental temperature at the milky stage on amylose content and fine structure of amylopectin of waxy and nonwaxy endosperm starches of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Agric Biol Chem, 1985, 49: 373–379 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXhsVKiurk%3D
Hodge J E, Hofreiter B T. Determination of reducing sugars and carbohydrates. In: Whistler R L, Wolfrom M L, eds. Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry. New York: Academic Press, 1962. 388–389
Nelson O, Pan D. A debranching enzyme deficiency in endosperm of the sugary-1 mutants of the maize. Plant Physiol, 1984, 74: 324–328 16663417, 10.1104/pp.74.1.128
Nakamura Y, Kubo A, Shimamune T, et al. Correlation between activities of starch debranching enzyme and α-polyglucan structure in endosperms of sugary-1 mutants of rice. Plant J, 1997, 12: 143–153 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1997.12010143.x, 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXlsFCrtLw%3D
Kubo A, Fujita N, Harada K, et al. The starch-debranching enzymes isoamylase and pullulanase are both involved in amylopectin biosynthesis in rice endosperm. Plant Physiol, 1999, 121: 399–409 10517831, 10.1104/pp.121.2.399, 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmslKjsLk%3D
Dauvillée D, Mestre V, Colleoni C, et al. The debranching enzyme complex missing in glycogen accumulating mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii displays an isoamylase-type specificity. Plant Sci, 2000, 157: 145–156 10960727, 10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00256-9
Emes M J, Bowsher C G, Hedley C, et al. Starch synthesis and carbon partitioning in developing endosperm. J Exp Bot, 2003, 54: 569–575 12508067, 10.1093/jxb/erg089, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhsFKgur4%3D
Ball S G, van de Wal H B J M, Visser R G F. Progress in understanding the biosynthesis of amylose. Trends Plant Sci, 1998, 3: 1360–1385 10.1016/S1360-1385(98)01342-9
van de Wal M, D’Hulst C, Vincken J P, et al. Amylose is synthesized in vitro by extension of and cleavage from amylopectin. J Biol Chem, 1998, 273: 22232–22240 9712837, 10.1074/jbc.273.35.22232
Gomez-Casati D, Iglesias A A. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from whaet endosperm. Purification and characterization of an enzyme with novel regulatory properties. Planta, 2002, 214: 428–434 11855648, 10.1007/s004250100634, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XivVGrsQ%3D%3D
Smidansky E D, Clancy M, Meyer F D, et al. Enhanced ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity in wheat endosperm increases seed yield. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2002, 99: 1724–1729 11830676, 10.1073/pnas.022635299, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xht1Cltbw%3D
Tiesen A, Hendriks J H M, Stitt M, et al. Starch synthesis in potato tubers is regulated by post-translational redox modification of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase: A novel regulatory mechanism linking starch synthesis to sucrose supply. Plant Cell, 2002, 14: 2191–2213 10.1105/tpc.003640, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XnsFemur0%3D
Jiang H, Dian W, Wu P. Effect of high temperature on fine structure of amylopectin in rice endosperm by reducing the activity of the starch branching enzyme. Phytochemistry, 2003, 63: 53–59 12657298, 10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00005-0, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXit1Kntrs%3D
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. G199810100)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lü, B., Guo, Z. & Liang, J. Effects of the activities of key enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis on the fine structure of amylopectin in developing rice (Oryza sativa L.) endosperms. SCI CHINA SER C 51, 863–871 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-008-0120-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-008-0120-y