Abstract
A number of metabolites of a new synthetic cannabimimetic, which is a derivative of 2-(1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid, were identified in human urine. The parent compound, a methyl ester of this acid, was identified in seizures in persons from the same city where analysis of drug-intoxication urine samples revealed the presence of the compound’s metabolites. This compound named ‘MDMB-CHMICA’ was reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) via the Early Warning System (EWS) in 2014. Hydrolysis of the ester was found to be the main metabolic pathway followed by mono-, di- and tri-hydroxylation, ketone formation, ketone formation with monohydroxylation, dealkylation, and dealkylation combined with hydroxylation. Additionally, the products by internal dehydration of hydroxylated forms with lactone formation were detected. Mono-hydroxylated metabolites were detected from their glucuronidated forms. Identification of metabolites was made on the basis of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry and ion trap mass spectrometry. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the metabolites of MBDB-CHMICA in human urine.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
EMCDDA (2015) European drug report 2015: trends and developments, 2015. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_239505_EN_TDAT15001ENN.pdf. Accessed Feb 2016
EMCDDA (2009) Thematic papers. Understanding the ‘Spice’ phenomenon. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_80086_EN_Spice%20Thematic%20paper%20%E2%80%94%20final%20version.pdf. Accessed Feb 2016
Reggio PH (ed) (2009) The cannabinoid receptors. Humana Press, New York City
Tait RJ, Caldicott D, Mountain D, Hill SL, Lenton S (2016) A systematic review of adverse events arising from the use of synthetic cannabinoids and their associated treatment. Clin Toxicol 54:1–13
Castaneto MS, Gorelick DA, Desrosiers NA, Hartman RL, Pirard S, Huestis MA (2014) Synthetic cannabinoids: epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implications. Drug Alcohol Depend 144:12–41
Shevyrin VA, Morzherin YY, Melkozerov VP, Nevero AS (2014) New synthetic cannabinoid–methyl 2-{[1-(5-fluoro-pentyl)-3-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl-carbonyl]-amino}butyrate–as a designer drug. Chem Heterocyc Compd 50:583–586
Langer N, Lindigkeit R, Schiebel H-M, Papke U, Ernst L, Beuerle T (2015) Identification and quantification of synthetic cannabinoids in “spice-like” herbal mixtures: update of the German situation for the spring of 2015. Forensic Toxicol 34:94–107
Hasegawa K, Wurita A, Minakata K, Gonmori K, Yamagishi I, Nozawa H, Watanabe K, Suzuki O (2015) Identification and quantitation of 5-fluoro-ADB, one of the most dangerous synthetic cannabinoids, in the stomach contents and solid tissues of a human cadaver and in some herbal products. Forensic Toxicol 33:112–121
Wurita A, Hasegawa K, Minakata K, Gonmori K, Nozawa H, Yamagishi I, Watanabe K, Suzuki O (2015) Identification and quantitation of 5-fluoro-ADB-PINACA and MAB-CHMINACA in dubious herbal products. Forensic Toxicol 33:213–220
Namera A, Kawamura M, Nakamoto A, Saito T, Nagao M (2015) Comprehensive review of the detection methods for synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones. Forensic Toxicol 33:175–194
Qian Z, Hua Z, Liu C, Jia W (2016) Four types of cannabimimetic indazole and indole derivatives, ADB-BINACA, AB-FUBICA, ADB-FUBICA, and AB-BICA, identified as new psychoactive substances. Forensic Toxicol 34:133–143
Shevyrin V, Melkozerov V, Nevero A, Eltsov O, Baranovsky A, Shafran Y (2014) Synthetic cannabinoids as designer drugs: new representatives of indol-3-carboxylates series and indazole-3-carboxylates as novel group of cannabinoids. Identification and analytical data. Forensic Sci Int 244:263–275
Shevyrin V, Melkozerov V, Nevero A, Eltsov O, Shafran Y (2013) Analytical characterization of some synthetic cannabinoids, derivatives of indole-3-carboxylic acid. Forensic Sci Int 213:1–10
Uchiyama N, Matsuda S, Wakana D, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Goda Y (2013) New cannabimimetic indazole derivatives, N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-PINACA) and N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-FUBINACA) identified as designer drugs in illegal product. Forensic Toxicol 31:93–100
Uchiyama N, Shimokawa Y, Kawamura M, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Hakamatsuka T (2014) Chemical analysis of a benzofuran derivative, 2-(2-ethylaminopropyl) benzofuran (2-EAPB), eight synthetic cannabinoids, five cathinone derivatives, and five other designer drugs newly detected in illegal products. Forensic Toxicol 32:266–281
Peterson BL, Couper FJ (2015) Concentrations of AB-CHMINACA and AB-PINACA and driving behavior in suspected impaired driving cases. J Anal Toxicol 39:642–647
Schwartz MD, Trecki J, Edison LA, Steck AR, Arnold JK, Gerona RR (2015) A common source outbreak of severe delirium associated with exposure to the novel synthetic cannabinoid ADB-PINACA. J Emerg Med 48:573–580
Hasegawa K, Wurita A, Minakata K, Gonmori K, Nozawa H, Yamagishi I, Watanabe K, Suzuki O (2015) Postmortem distribution of AB-CHMINACA, 5-fluoro-AMB, and diphenidine in body fluids and solid tissues in a fatal poisoning case: usefulness of adipose tissue for detection of the drugs in unchanged forms. Forensic Toxicol 33:45–53
Hasegawa K, Wurita A, Minakata K, Gonmori K, Nozawa H, Yamagishi I, Watanabe K, Suzuki O (2015) Postmortem distribution of MAB-CHMINACA in body fluids and solid tissues of a human cadaver. Forensic Toxicol 33:380–387
Thomsen R, Nielsen LM, Holm NB, Rasmussen HB, Linnet K, INDICES Consortium (2015) Synthetic cannabimimetic agents metabolized by carboxylesterases. Drug Test Anal 7:565–576
Erratico C, Negreira N, Norouzizadeh H, Covaci A, Neels H, Maudens K, van Nuijs ALN (2015) In vitro and in vivo human metabolism of the synthetic cannabinoid AB-CHMINACA. Drug Test Anal 7:866–876
Sobolevsky T, Prasolov I, Rodchenkov G (2015) Study on the phase I metabolism of novel synthetic cannabinoids, APICA and its fluorinated analogue. Drug Test Anal 7:131–142
Wohlfarth A, Castaneto MS, Zhu M, Pang S, Scheidweiler KB, Kronstrand R, Huestis MA (2015) Pentylindole/pentylindazole synthetic cannabinoids and their 5-fluoro analogs produce different primary metabolites: metabolite profiling for AB-PINACA and 5F-AB-PINACA. AAPS J 17:660–667
Wohlfarth A, Gandhi AS, Pang S, Zhu M, Scheidweiler KB, Huestis MA (2014) Metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids PB-22 and its 5-fluoro analog, 5F-PB-22, by human hepatocyte incubation and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 406:1763–1780
Castaneto MS, Wohlfarth A, Pang S, Zhu M, Scheidweiler KB, Kronstrand R, Huestis MA (2015) Identification of AB-FUBINACA metabolites in human hepatocytes and urine using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 33:195–310
Vikingsson S, Gréen H, Brinkhagen L, Mukhtar S, Josefsson M (2015) Identification of AB-FUBINACA metabolites in authentic urine samples suitable as urinary markers of drug intake using liquid chromatography quadrupole tandem time of flight mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal. doi:10.1002/dta.1896
Znaleziona J, Ginterová P, Petr J, Ondra P, Válka I, Ševčík J, Chrastina J, Maier V (2015) Determination and identification of synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites in different matrices by modern analytical techniques—a review. Anal Chim Acta 874:11–25
Scheidweiler KB, Jarvis MJY, Huestis MA (2015) Nontargeted SWATH acquisition for identifying 47 synthetic cannabinoid metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 407:883–897
Gugelmann H, Gerona R, Li C, Tsutaoka B, Olson KR, Lung D (2014) ‘Crazy Monkey’ poisons man and dog: human and canine seizures due to PB-22, a novel synthetic cannabinoid. Clin Toxicol 52:635–638
Bruker Daltonics (2012) Toxtyper™. https://www.bruker.com/products/mass-spectrometry-and-separations/lc-ms/ion-trap/toxtyper/overview.html. Accessed Feb 2016
Federal service for intellectual property (2015) MS Library ‘EKBDRUGS’. Certificate of registration RU 2015621086. http://www1.fips.ru/fips_servl/fips_servlet?DB=DB&rn=6957&DocNumber=2015621086&TypeFile=html. Accessed Jan 2016
EMCDDA (2014) EMCDDA–Europol 2014 annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/1018/TDAN15001ENN.pdf. Accessed Feb 2016
Kavanagh P, Grigoryev A, Melnik A, Savchuk S, Simonov A, Rozhanets V (2013) Detection and tentative identification of urinary phase I metabolites of phenylacetylindole cannabimimetics JWH-203 and JWH-251, by GC–MS and LC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B 934:101–108
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There are no financial or other relations that could lead to a conflict of interest.
Statement of human rights
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent
For this type of study formal consent is not required.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grigoryev, A., Kavanagh, P. & Pechnikov, A. Human urinary metabolite pattern of a new synthetic cannabimimetic, methyl 2-(1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate. Forensic Toxicol 34, 316–328 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-016-0319-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-016-0319-8