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Biochar-modified constructed wetlands using Eclipta alba as a plant for sustainable rural wastewater treatment

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Abstract

Constructed wetlands (CWs) provide a low-cost, effective solution for domestic wastewater treatment in developing nations compared to costly traditional wastewater systems. Biochar which is an organic material created by pyrolysis offers straightforward, affordable methods for treating wastewater and lowering carbon footprint by acting as a substrate in CWs. Batch mode biochar-amended subsurface flow (SSF) CWs planted with Eclipta alba (L) with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3 days were used for the treatment of rural domestic wastewater in the present investigation. Two control CWs, without plants (C1) and with plants (C2), and five different amendments of biochar 5% (B5), 10% (B10), 15% (B15), 20% (B20) and 25% (B25) in ratio with soil were set up to check the treatment efficiency of CWs. Removal efficiency (RE%) of the CWs for parameters namely chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), phosphate (PO42−), sulphate (SO42−), nitrate (NO3−) and total Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN) was determined using standard methods. Removal efficiency of 93%, 91%, 74% and 77% was observed for BOD, COD, nitrate and sulphate, respectively, in the B25 amendment at HRT 72 h. The highest removal of TKN (67%) was also observed in the B25 amendment at HRT of 72 h. No stable trend for the removal of phosphates was found during the study, and maximum removal was observed at HRT 48 h; afterward, phosphate was slightly inclined with the increasing HRT. The findings of one-way ANOVA using Tukey’s test show significant variations (p < 0.05) in the removal efficiencies of pollutants after 72 h between two controls (C1 and C2) and various biochar amendments in CWs, indicating a significant role of the wetland plants and concentration of the biochar as substrate. Biochar shows a positive impact on the removal of organic pollutants and nitrates. Hence, biochar-amended CWs can be a sustainable way of treating rural domestic wastewater.

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All data analysed or generated was provided in the manuscript.

Abbreviations

CW:

Constructed wetlands

SSF:

Subsurface flow

HRT:

Hydraulic retention time

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

BOD:

Biochemical oxygen demand

TKN:

Total Kjeldahl nitrogen

DO:

Dissolved oxygen

RC:

Remaining concentration

RE:

Removal efficiency

VSSF:

Vertical subsurface flow

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  1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India

    Vishal Panghal, Asha Singh, Dinesh Arora & Sunil Kumar

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  1. Vishal Panghal
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  2. Asha Singh
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Vishal Panghal: conceptualisation, writing—original draft and editing. Asha Singh and Dinesh Arora: editing and reviewing. Sunil Kumar: supervision, reviewing and editing.

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Panghal, V., Singh, A., Arora, D. et al. Biochar-modified constructed wetlands using Eclipta alba as a plant for sustainable rural wastewater treatment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 17299–17310 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32144-0

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