Abstract
Aquatic animals are prone to extinction due to metal pollution and global climate change. Even though the fish and their products are also unsafe for human consumption, their exports have been rejected due to inorganic and organic contaminants. Nickel (Ni) is a metal that induces toxicity and accumulates in the aquatic ecosystem, posing health threats to humans, animals, and fish. In light of the above, our present investigation aimed to determine the median lethal concentration (96 h-LC50) of nickel alone and concurrent with high temperature (34 °C) (Ni + T) using static non-renewable bioassay toxicity test in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. The groups treated under exposure to Ni reared under control condition (25–28.9 °C) and Ni + T exposure group reread under 34 °C. In this study, chose the definitive dose of Ni and Ni + T as 17, 18, 19, and 20 mg L−1 after the range finding test. The median lethal concentration of Ni and Ni + T was determined as 19.38 and 18.75 mg L−1, respectively at 96 h. Oxidative stress viz. catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the liver, gill, and kidney were noticeably elevated with Ni and Ni + T during 96 h. Whereas, the CAT, GPx, and SOD gene expressions were significantly upregulated with Ni and Ni + T. Trilox equivalent anti-oxidant capacity (TEAC), cupric reducing anti-oxidant capacity (CUPRIC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), ethoxy resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) were reduced due to exposure to Ni and Ni + T. Cellular metabolic stress and lipid peroxidation were highly affected due to Ni and Ni + T exposure. The immunological status, as indicated by total protein, albumin, globulin, A:G ratio, and nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT), was severely affected by the toxicity of Ni and Ni + T. Moreover, the gene expression of interleukin (IL), tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), toll-like receptor (TLR), and total immunoglobulin (Ig) was remarkably downregulated following exposure to Ni and Ni + T. HSP 70, iNOS expression, ATPase, Na + /K + -ATPase, cortisol, and blood glucose was significantly elevated with Ni and Ni + T in P. hypophthalmus. The bioaccumulation of Ni in fish tissues and experimental water was determined. The kidney and liver tissues were highly accumulated with Ni, whereas DNA damage was reported in gill tissue. Interestingly, depuration study revealed that at the 28th day, the Ni bioaccumulation was below the maximum residue limit (MRL) level. Therefore, the present study revealed that Ni and Ni + T led to dysfunctional gene and metabolic regulation affecting physiology and genotoxicity. The bioaccumulation and depuration results also indicate higher residual occurrence of Ni in water and aquatic organisms for longer periods.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Code availability
Not applicable.
Abbreviations
- Ni:
-
Nickel
- Ni + T:
-
Nickel + Temperature
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- GST:
-
Glutathione-s-transferase
- GPx:
-
Glutathione peroxidase
- TEAC:
-
Trilox equivalent anti-oxidant capacity
- CUPRIC:
-
Cupric reducing anti-oxidant capacity
- FRAP:
-
Ferric reducing ability of plasma
- EROD:
-
Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase
- AChE:
-
Acetylcholine esterase
- NBT:
-
Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- TNFα:
-
Tumor necrosis factor
- TLR:
-
Toll-like receptor
- Ig:
-
Total immunoglobulin
- iNOS:
-
Inducible nitric oxide synthase
- MRL:
-
Maximum residue limits
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- IBR:
-
Integrated biomarkers response
- PCR:
-
Polymerase chain reaction
- HSP:
-
Heat shock protein
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Acknowledgements
The present research was supported by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India as an institutional project (#IXX15014). Author also thankful to the Director, ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Pune also is gratefully acknowledged for providing all the facility for this study.
Funding
Institutional project (#IXX15014): Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India has been provided financial and infrastructure support.
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NK: conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, and wrote the paper. STT: gene analysis; AG: data validation; PB.P: biochemical analysis.
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The Research Advisory Committee of ICAR-NIASM approved the study protocol and the end-points of the experiments. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant national and international guidelines and regulations. The study is in compliance with the Animal Research: Reporting of in Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines. The care and treatment of experimental animal have been followed employing the guidelines of national and international agencies for ethical concern. The study protocol and endpoint were strictly in adherence with the Research Advisory Committee of ICAR-NIASM.
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Taken from PME, ICAR-NIASM, Baramati, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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Kumar, N., Thorat, S.T., Gite, A. et al. Synergistic effect of nickel and temperature on gene expression, multiple stress markers, and depuration: an acute toxicity in fish. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 123729–123750 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30996-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30996-6