Abstract
The study’s motivation develops from the need to comprehend how e-commerce affects economic resilience and recovery amid the COVID-19 crisis, particularly in the Chinese economy, and to provide empirical evidence to help stakeholders and policymakers understand how to use e-commerce for economic growth. This study aims to investigate how e-commerce supported economic expansion during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly emphasizing the Chinese economy. Because of the rapid changes in consumer perceptions brought on by the COVID-19 epidemic, this study gives a thorough methodology for assessing the success of e-commerce businesses. The application’s twenty-five secondary standards include two sustainability elements, sustainable development, and carbon dioxide emissions. Three Indian e-commerce companies serve as a case study to illustrate the assessment methodology. To capture the uncertainty in the judicial process, the findings are achieved via multi-criteria judgment (MCDM) technique called fuzzy VIKOR. In addition, quantitative research is used to rate and compare e-commerce businesses in terms of how well it meets the needs of their customers. The results break down the most crucial criterion and sub-criteria for online retailers to meet to meet consumer aspirations and remain profitable and environmentally responsible in the long run.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are openly available on request.
References
Abadie A (2005) Semiparametric difference-in-differences estimators. Rev Econ Stud 72:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/0034-6527.00321
Abbas Q, Mohsin M, Iqbal S, Iram R (2022) Does ownership change and traders behavior enhancing price fragility in green funds market. Pakistan J Soc Sci 39:1245–1256
Acheampong AO (2018) Economic growth, CO2 emissions and energy consumption: What causes what and where? Energy Econ 74:677–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.07.022
Adebayo TS, Kirikkaleli D, Adeshola I et al (2021) Coal consumption and environmental sustainability in South Africa: the role of financial development and globalization. Int J Renew Energy Dev 10:527–536. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.34982
Al Mamun M, Boubaker S, Nguyen DK (2022) Green finance and decarbonization: evidence from around the world. Financ Res Lett 46:102807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.102807
Alola AA, Adebayo TS, Onifade ST (2022) Examining the dynamics of ecological footprint in China with spectral Granger causality and quantile-on-quantile approaches. Int J Sustain Dev World Ecol 29:263–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2021.1990158
Ángel PS, Roberto CR, Marival SO (2022) Can a country’s environmental sustainability exert influence on its economic and financial situation? The relationship between environmental performance indicators and country risk. J Clean Prod 375:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134121
Artemov MA, Baranovskii ES, Zhabko AP, Provotorov V V. (2019) On a 3D model of non-isothermal flows in a pipeline network. J Phys Conf Ser 1203:. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1203/1/012094
Azar C, Holmberg J (1995) Defining the generational environmental debt. Ecol Econ 14:7–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8009(95)00007-V
Bag S, Wood LC, Mangla SK, Luthra S (2020) Procurement 4.0 and its implications on business process performance in a circular economy. Resour Conserv Recycl 152:104502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104502
Batool K, Zhao Z-Y, Atif F, Dilanchiev A (2022) Nexus between energy poverty and technological innovations: a pathway for addressing energy sustainability. Front Environ Sci 10:888080. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.888080
Bei J, Wang C (2023) Renewable energy resources and sustainable development goals: evidence based on green finance, clean energy and environmentally friendly investment. Resour Policy 80:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103194
Belaid F, Dagher L, Filis G (2021) Revisiting the resource curse in the MENA region. Resour Policy 73:102225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102225
Bithas K, Latinopoulos D (2021) Managing tree-crops for climate mitigation. An economic evaluation trading-off carbon sequestration with market goods. Sustain Prod Consum 27:667–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.01.033
Bolton R, Science DH-S (2002) undefined (2002) Statistical fraud detection: a review. Projecteuclid.org 17:235–255
Bouzarovski S, Tirado Herrero S (2017) Geographies of injustice: the socio-spatial determinants of energy poverty in Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary. Post-Communist Econ 29:27–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2016.1242257
Broten N (2017) An essay on the principle of population. An Essay Princ Popul 1–91. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781912281176
Bučková M, Skokan R, Fusko M, Hodoň R (2019) Designing of logistics systems with using of computer simulation and emulation. Transp Res Procedia 40:978–985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2019.07.137
Bull SR (2001) Renewable energy today and tomorrow. Proc IEEE 89:1216–1226. https://doi.org/10.1109/5.940290
Chang L, Gan X, Mohsin M (2022a) Studying corporate liquidity and regulatory responses for economic recovery in COVID-19 crises. Econ Anal Policy 76:211–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2022.07.004
Chang L, Taghizadeh-Hesary F, Saydaliev HB (2022b) How do ICT and renewable energy impact sustainable development? Renew Energy 199:123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.08.082
Chang L, Moldir M, Zhang Y, Nazar R (2023a) Asymmetric impact of green bonds on energy efficiency: fresh evidence from quantile estimation. Util Policy 80:101474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2022.101474
Chang L, Shi F, Taghizadeh-Hesary F, Saydaliev HB (2023b) Information and communication technologies development and the resource curse. Resour Policy 80:103123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103123
Choi JJ, Jiang C (2009) Does multinationality matter? Implications of operational hedging for the exchange risk exposure. J Bank Financ 33:1973–1982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.04.014
Dagher L, Hasanov FJ (2023) Oil market shocks and financial instability in Asian countries. Int Rev Econ Financ 84:182–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2022.11.008
De Vito A, Gómez JP (2020) Estimating the COVID-19 cash crunch: global evidence and policy. J Account Public Policy 39:106741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2020.106741
Dilanchiev A, Taktakishvili T (2021) Currency depreciation nexus country’s export: evidence from Georgia. Univers J Account Financ 9:1116–1124. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujaf.2021.090521
Dilanchiev A, Aghayev A, Rahman M et al (2021) Dynamic analysis for measuring the impact of remittance inflows on inflation: evidence from Georgia. Int J Financ Res 12:339. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n1p339
Ding H, He M, Deng C (2014) Lifecycle approach to assessing environmental friendly product project with internalizing environmental externality. J Clean Prod 66:128–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.018
Engle RF, Granger CWJ (2015) Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Appl Econom 39:107–135. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236
Fang W, Liu Z, Surya Putra AR (2022a) Role of research and development in green economic growth through renewable energy development: empirical evidence from South Asia. Renew Energy 194:1142–1152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.04.125
Fang Z, Razzaq A, Mohsin M, Irfan M (2022b) Spatial spillovers and threshold effects of internet development and entrepreneurship on green innovation efficiency in China. Technol Soc 68:101844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101844
Geng Q (2021) The Belt and Road Initiative and its implications for global renewable energy development. Curr Sustain Energy Reports 8
Gengenbach C, Palm FC, Urbain JP (2010) Panel unit root tests in the presence of cross-sectional dependencies: comparison and implications for modelling. Econom Rev 29:111–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474930903382125
Golosnoy AS, Provotorov VV, Sergeev SM et al (2019) Software engineering math for network applications. J Phys Conf Ser 1399:044047. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1399/4/044047
Gouveia JP, Palma P, Simoes SG (2019) Energy poverty vulnerability index: a multidimensional tool to identify hotspots for local action. Energy Rep 5:187–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EGYR.2018.12.004
Graham JR, Rogers DA (2002) Do firms hedge in response to tax incentives? J Finance 57:815–839. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6261.00443
Grossman GM, Krueger AB (1995) Economic growth and the environment. Nber Work Pap 110:353–377
Hajdas M, Radomska J, Silva SC (2022) The omni-channel approach: a utopia for companies? J Retail Consum Serv 65:102131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102131
He A, Xue Q, Zhao R, Wang D (2021) Renewable energy technological innovation, market forces, and carbon emission efficiency. Sci Total Environ 796:148908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148908
Huang S-Z, Chien F, Sadiq M (2021) A gateway towards a sustainable environment in emerging countries: the nexus between green energy and human Capital. Econ Res Istraživanja 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677x.2021.2012218
Iqbal N, Tufail MS, Mohsin M, Sandhu MA (2022) Assessing social and financial efficiency: the evidence from microfinance institutions in Pakistan. Pakistan J Soc Sci 39:149–161
Iram R, Zhang J, Erdogan S et al (2020) Economics of energy and environmental efficiency: evidence from OECD countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07020-x
Jänicke M (2012) “Green growth”: From a growing eco-industry to economic sustainability. Energy Policy 48:13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.04.045
Jiang Y, Lin T, Zhuang J (2008) Environmental Kuznets curves in the People’s Republic of China: turning points and regional differences. ADB Econ Work Pap Ser 141:1–26. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1861568
Kabir Z (2022) The Role of Social Impact Assessment (SIA) in the Development of a Mine Closure Plan in Regional Australia. J Environ Assess Policy Manag 2250015. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1464333222500156
Kabir KH, Khan MA, Hasan K, Aftab S (2022) Driving forces of adaptation decision and strategies to climate-related events: case on farming households in south–west coastal Bangladesh. J Environ Assess Policy Manag 2250019. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1464333222500193
Kabir Z, Morgan RK (2021) Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) Practice of urban planning in australia and New Zealand: a comparison. J Environ Assess Policy Manag 23:2250013. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1464333222500132
Kapoor A, Fraser GS, Carter AV, Brooks D (2021) Overcoming divisive strategic environmental assessments for offshore oil and gas in Nova Scotia. Canada J Environ Assess Policy Manag 23:2250012. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1464333222500120
Lee W (2020) Unravelling consumer responses to omni-channel approach. J Theor Appl Electron Commer Res 15:37–49. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-18762020000300104
Lee CC, Lee CC, Li YY (2021) Oil price shocks, geopolitical risks, and green bond market dynamics. North Am J Econ Financ 55:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2020.101309
Li Y, Umair M (2023c) The protective nature of gold during times of oil price volatility: an analysis of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Extr Ind Soc 101284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2023.101284
Li C, Umair M (2023a) Does green finance development goals affects renewable energy in China. Renew Energy 203:898–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.12.066
Lin B, Okyere MA (2023) Race and energy poverty: the moderating role of subsidies in South Africa. Energy Econ 117:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106464
Liu Y, Feng C (2023) Promoting renewable energy through national energy legislation. Energy Econ 118:106504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106504
Liu H, Yu Z, Zhang J, Yao P (2021) The transmutation logic of China University Science and Technology Innovation System since the Founding of the Communist Party of China One Hundred Years Ago: Three-Chain Perspectives Led by Party-Building. Educ Res Int 2021:3459401. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3459401
Liu H, Wu W, Yao P (2022a) A study on the efficiency of pediatric healthcare services and its influencing factors in China ——estimation of a three-stage DEA model based on provincial-level data. Socioecon Plann Sci 84:101315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2022.101315
Liu Y, Dilanchiev A, Xu K, Hajiyeva AM (2022b) Financing SMEs and business development as new post Covid-19 economic recovery determinants. Econ Anal Policy 76:554–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2022.09.006
Liu F, Umair M, Gao J (2023) Assessing oil price volatility co-movement with stock market volatility through quantile regression approach. Resour Policy 81:103375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103375
Liu G, Liu Y, Lee C-C (2020) Growth sources of green economy and energy consumption in china: new evidence accounting for heterogeneous regimes. Energy J 41:. https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.41.6.GLIU
Luo X (2003) Evaluating the profitability and marketability efficiency of large banks: an application of data envelopment analysis. J Bus Res 56:627–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00293-4
Marmolejo-Saucedo JA (2020) Design and Development of Digital Twins: a Case Study in Supply Chains. Mob Networks Appl 25:2141–2160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-020-01557-9
Mart Nez-Zarzoso I, Bengochea-Morancho A (2004) Pooled mean group estimation of an environmental Kuznets curve for CO2. Econ Lett 82:121–126
Marttunen M, Mustajoki J (2018) Use of analyst-generated stakeholder preference profiles in multi-criteria decision analysis - experiences from an urban planning case. J Environ Assess Policy Manag. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1464333218400021
Matsuda M, Nishi T, Hasegawa M, Matsumoto S (2019) Virtualization of a supply chain from the manufacturing enterprise view using e-catalogues. Procedia CIRP 81:932–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2019.03.230
Mele M, Magazzino C (2020) A machine learning analysis of the relationship among iron and steel industries, air pollution, and economic growth in China. J Clean Prod 277:123293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123293
Mirjalili SM, Mirjalili SM, Lewis A (2014) Grey Wolf Optimizer Adv Eng Softw 69:46–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADVENGSOFT.2013.12.007
Muhammad J, Fatima S (2016) Environmental Kuznets curve and financial development in Pakistan. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 54:406–414
Norouzi N, Fani M (2020) Black gold falls, black plague arise - an Opec crude oil price forecast using a gray prediction model. Upstream Oil Gas Technol 5:100015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.upstre.2020.100015
Ofori EK, Onifade ST, Ali EB, et al (2023) Achieving carbon neutrality in post COP26 in BRICS, MINT, and G7 economies: the role of financial development and governance indicators. J Clean Prod 387:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.135853
Okere KI, Onuoha FC, Muoneke OB, Oyeyemi AM (2021) Towards sustainability path in Argentina: the role of finance, energy mix, and industrial value-added in low or high carbon emission—application of DARDL simulation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14756-y
Omri A, Bel Hadj T (2020) Foreign investment and air pollution: do good governance and technological innovation matter? Environ Res 185:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109469
Pedroni P (1999) Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxf Bull Econ Stat 61:653–670. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.61.s1.14
Pesaran MH (2014) J Appl Economet 21:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae
Phillips PCB, Sul D (2003) Dynamic panel estimation and homogeneity testing under cross section dependence. Econom J 6:217–259. https://doi.org/10.1111/1368-423x.00108
Raza SA, Shah N (2017) Tourism growth and income inequality: does Kuznets Curve hypothesis exist in top tourist arrival countries. Asia Pacific J Tour Res 22:874–884. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1343742
Ribeiro-Corréa J, Cavadias GS, Clément B, Rousselle J (1995) Identification of hydrological neighborhoods using canonical correlation analysis. J Hydrol 173:71–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(95)02719-6
Riley D, Schaafsma M, Marin-Moreno H, Minshull TA (2020) A social, environmental and economic evaluation protocol for potential gas hydrate exploitation projects. Appl Energy 263:114651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114651
Rohr V, Blakley J, Loring P (2022) Food security assessment: an exploration of Canadian Offshore Petroleum SEA Practice. J Environ Assess Policy Manag 2250016. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1464333222500168
Scardapane S, Wang D, Panella M, Uncini A (2015) Distributed learning for Random Vector Functional-Link networks. Inf Sci (Ny) 301:271–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INS.2015.01.007
Seiford LM, Zhu J (1999) Profitability and marketability of the top 55 U.S. commercial banks. Manage Sci 45:1270–1288. https://doi.org/10.1287/MNSC.45.9.1270
Shahbaz M, Nasir MA, Roubaud D (2018) Environmental degradation in France: the effects of FDI, financial development, and energy innovations. Energy Econ 74:843–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.07.020
Shahzad F, Ahmad M, Fareed Z, Wang Z (2022a) Innovation decisions through firm life cycle: a new evidence from emerging markets. Int Rev Econ Financ 78:51–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2021.11.009
Shahzad U, Gupta M, Sharma GD et al (2022b) Resolving energy poverty for social change: Research directions and agenda. Technol Forecast Soc Change 181:121777. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2022.121777
Shaktawat A, Vadhera S (2022) Sustainability assessment of renewable energy technologies in context to India using multicriteria analysis with and without Incorporating risk analysis. J Environ Assess Policy Manag 2250020. https://doi.org/10.1142/S146433322250020X
Shen L, Zhang X, Liu H (2022) Digital technology adoption, digital dynamic capability, and digital transformation performance of textile industry: moderating role of digital innovation orientation. Manag Decis Econ 43:2038–2054. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.3507
Sironen S, Mononen L (2018) Spatially referenced decision analysis of long-term forest management scenarios in Southwestern Finland. J Environ Assess Policy Manag. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1464333218500096
Song X, Zhou Y, Jia W (2019) How do economic openness and R&D investment affect green economic growth?—Evidence from China. Resour Conserv Recycl 146:405–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.03.050
Song M, Xie Q, Shen Z (2021) Impact of green credit on high-efficiency utilization of energy in China considering environmental constraints. Energy Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112267
Sun X, Dong Y, Wang Y, Ren J (2022) Sources of greenhouse gas emission reductions in OECD countries: composition or technique effects. Ecol Econ 193:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107288
Taghizadeh-Hesary F, Li Y, Rasoulinezhad E et al (2022) Green finance and the economic feasibility of hydrogen projects. Int J Hydrogen Energy 47:24511–24522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.01.111
Thompson P (1998) Bank lending and the environment: policies and opportunities. Int J Bank Mark 16:243–252
Tiitu M, Viinikka A, Kopperoinen L, Geneletti D (2018) Balancing urban green space and residential infill development: a spatial multi-criteria approach based on practitioner engagement. J Environ Assess Policy Manag. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1464333218400045
Umair M, Dilanchiev A (2022) Economic recovery by developing business strategies: mediating role of financing and organizational culture in small and medium businesses. Proc B 683
Urban F (2019) Energy, poverty and development. Energy Dev 1–23. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351047487-1
Urom C, Guesmi K, Abid I, Dagher L (2023) Dynamic integration and transmission channels among interest rates and oil price shocks. Q Rev Econ Financ 87:296–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2021.04.008
Wang F, Sun X, Reiner DM, Wu M (2020) Changing trends of the elasticity of China’s carbon emission intensity to industry structure and energy efficiency. Energy Econ 86:104679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104679
Wang J, Cui M, Chang L (2023a) Evaluating economic recovery by measuring the COVID-19 spillover impact on business practices: evidence from Asian markets intermediaries. Econ Chang Restruct. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-023-09482-z
Wang S, Dong Q, Zhang J et al (2023b) Robustness assessment of power network with renewable energy. Electr Power Syst Res 217:109138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2023.109138
Wang C, Li X wu, Wen H xing, Nie P yan (2021) Order financing for promoting green transition. J Clean Prodhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125415
Xiuzhen X, Zheng W, Umair M (2022) Testing the fluctuations of oil resource price volatility: a hurdle for economic recovery. Resour Policy 79:102982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102982
Xu Z, Mohsin M, Ullah K, Ma X (2023) Using econometric and machine learning models to forecast crude oil prices: Insights from economic history. Resour Policy 83:103614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103614
Yang X, Wu H, Ren S et al (2021) Does the development of the internet contribute to air pollution control in China? Mechanism discussion and empirical test. Struct Chang Econ Dyn 56:207–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2020.12.001
Yoshino N, Rasoulinezhad E, Taghizadeh-Hesary F (2021) Economic Impacts of carbon tax in a general equilibrium framework: empirical study of Japan. J Environ Assess Policy Manag 23:2250014. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1464333222500144
Funding
1. This work was supported by Major Humanities and Social Sciences Research Projects in Zhejiang higher education institutions, Grant Number:2023QN148.
2. This work was supported by Scientific Research and Innovation Team of Zhejiang Business Technology Institute, Grant Number:KYTD202203.
3.This work was supported by Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Zhejiang Business Technology Institute, Grant Number:TD2022-02.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Jianjun Sun: Conceptualization; methodology; writing, original draft; data curation; data analysis; visualization; editing; proof reading; corrections.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
The author declares there were no human participants, human data or human issues.
Consent for publication
The author does not have any individual person’s data in any form.
Competing interests
The author declares no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Arshian Sharif
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Preprint Service: Our manuscript is not posted at a preprint server prior to submission.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sun, J. How e-commerce support economic growth amid COVID-19: evidence from Chinese economy. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 88842–88860 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28628-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28628-0