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Etanercept Mitigates Cadmium Chloride-induced Testicular Damage in Rats "An Insight into Autophagy, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation"

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Abstract

Rationale

Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental and occupational toxin that represents a serious health hazard to humans and other animals. One of the negative consequences of cadmium exposure is testicular injury.

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of etanercept against cadmium chloride-induced testicular damage and the probable underlying mechanisms of its action.

Methods

A total of sixty rats were divided into six groups: control, cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (7 mg/ kg i.p.), and CdCl2 treated with etanercept (5,10 and 15 mg/kg s.c.) and etanercept only (15 mg/kg s.c.). CdCl2 was administrated as a single dose, while etanercept was administered every 3 days for 3 weeks.

Results

CdCl2 reduced serum testosterone, testicular glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). However, it elevated the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (LC3B) in the testes. Cadmium caused pathogenic alterations as well as increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Besides, the gene expressions of caspase-3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS) and Beclin-1 protein increased with CdCl2 exposure. Interestingly, etanercept relieved the previous toxic effects induced by CdCl2 in a dose-dependent manner as evidenced by inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, Beclin-1, LC3B, and caspase-3 accompanied by improvement in histopathological changes.

Conclusion

Etanercept provides a potential therapeutic approach to treat testicular tissue against the damaging effects of Cd by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude to Dr. Mohamed El-Ghannam, Professor of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary, Kafr El-Sheikh University for his assistance. Dr. Walied Sobhy, Professor of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Kafr El-Sheikh University for his assistance.

Funding

This study received no specific donations from funding organizations in the commercial, public, or nonprofit sectors. All drugs and laboratory reagents were purchased at authors’ expenses and without any donations from companies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt

    Samar A. Antar & Mohamad A. El-Gammal

  2. Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt

    Reem M. Hazem & Yasser M. Moustafa

  3. Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University, Badr University Cairo, 11829, Egypt

    Yasser M. Moustafa

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  1. Samar A. Antar
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Contributions

S.A.A performed laboratory work, data analysis, software, and writing the first draft. M.A.E contributed to laboratory work, software, and writing the first draft. R.M.H done laboratory work and writing the first draft. Y.M.M was involved in supervision and editing the final manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the submitted version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Samar A. Antar.

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The study protocol has been approved by the research ethics committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University (Ismailia, Egypt) following the Canadian Council on Animal Care Guidelines (License number 201911MA3).

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Antar, S.A., El-Gammal, M.A., Hazem, R.M. et al. Etanercept Mitigates Cadmium Chloride-induced Testicular Damage in Rats "An Insight into Autophagy, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation". Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 28194–28207 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18401-6

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