Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of economic complexity, economic growth, and renewable energy technology budgets on ecological footprint: the role of democratic accountability

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The economic structure of countries can influence economic growth, energy demand, and environmental footprints. However, the literature on economic complexity and ecological footprint (EFP) nexus is scarce. Besides, democracy is an important factor that may affect environmental policies and environmental sustainability. Hence, this paper investigates the effect of democracy, economic complexity, and renewable energy technology budgets on the EFP in G7 countries controlling income and financial development from 1985 to 2017. The findings from Westerlund (J Appl Econ 23:193–233, 2008) and other cointegration methods depict cointegration among variables. The long-run estimates from the continuously updated fully modified method unfold that economic complexity contributes to reducing the EFP. However, greater democratic accountability boosts the EFP figures rather than reducing them. On the flipside, renewable energy technology budgets and financial development are evidenced to mitigate EFP. Moreover, the study unveils a U-shaped linkage between economic growth and EFP, which indicates that an increase in income level will boost EFP. Further, the study found causality from economic complexity, democracy, and renewable energy budgets to EFP. Based on these findings, it is pertinent for the G7 countries to increase the manufacturing of sophisticated and complex products. In addition, enhancing renewable energy technology budgets is essential to ensure environmental well-being.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All data sources are referred in the paper for downloading data.

References

  • Adebayo TS, and Rjoub H (2021) A new perspective into the impact of renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption on environmental degradation in Argentina: a time–frequency analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1–17

  • Adebayo TS, Acheampong AO (2021) Modelling the globalization-CO2 emission nexus in Australia: evidence from quantile-on-quantile approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1–16

  • Adams S, Acheampong AO (2019) Reducing carbon emissions: the role of renewable energy and democracy. J Clean Prod 240:118245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad M, Ahmed Z, Majeed A, Huang B (2021) An environmental impact assessment of economic complexity and energy consumption: does institutional quality make a difference? Environ Impact Assess Rev 89:106603

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad M, Jiang P, Murshed M, Shehzad K, Akram R, Cui L, Khan Z (2021) Modelling the dynamic linkages between eco-innovation, urbanization, economic growth and ecological footprints for G7 countries: does financial globalization matter? Sustain Cities Soc 70:102881

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed Z, Wang Z (2019) Investigating the impact of human capital on the ecological footprint in India: an empirical analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(26):26782–26796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05911-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed Z, Ahmad M, Rjoub H, Kalugina OA, Hussain N (2021a) Economic growth, renewable energy consumption, and ecological footprint: exploring the role of environmental regulations and democracy in sustainable development 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2251

  • Ahmed Z, Cary M, Le HP (2021) Accounting asymmetries in the long-run nexus between globalization and environmental sustainability in the United States: an aggregated and disaggregated investigation. Environ Impact Assess Rev 86:106511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2020.106511

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed Z, Cary M, Shahbaz M, Vo XV (2021d) Asymmetric nexus between economic policy uncertainty, renewable energy technology budgets, and environmental sustainability: evidence from the United States. J Clean Produ 127723

  • Ahmed Z, Wang Z, Mahmood F, Hafeez M, Ali N (2019) Does globalization increase the ecological footprint? Empirical evidence from Malaysia. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(18):18565–18582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05224-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed Z, Zafar MW, Mansoor S (2020a) Analyzing the linkage between military spending, economic growth, and ecological footprint in Pakistan: evidence from cointegration and bootstrap causality. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(33):41551–41567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10076-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed Z, Zafar MW, Ali S, Danish. (2020b) Linking urbanization, human capital, and the ecological footprint in G7 countries: an empirical analysis. Sustain Cities Soc 55:102064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102064

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed Z, Zhang B, Cary M (2021) Linking economic globalization, economic growth, financial development, and ecological footprint: evidence from symmetric and asymmetric ARDL. Ecol Indicators 121:107060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107060

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akinsola GD, Adebayo TS, Rjoub H, Oladipupo SD (2021) The asymmetric effects of renewable energy consumption and trade openness on carbon emissions in Sweden: new evidence from quantile-on-quantile regression approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1–12

  • Al-Mulali U, Ozturk I (2016) The investigation of environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in the advanced economies: the role of energy prices. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 54:1622–1631

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez-Herranz A, Balsalobre-Lorente D, Shahbaz M, Cantos JM (2017) Energy innovation and renewable energy consumption in the correction of air pollution levels. Energy Policy 105:386–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Apergis N, Can M, Gozgor G, Lau CKM (2018) Effects of export concentration on CO2 emissions in developed countries: an empirical analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(14):14106–14116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1634-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ardito L, Petruzzelli AM, Ghisetti C (2019) The impact of public research on the technological development of industry in the green energy field. Technol Forecast Social Change 144:25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.04.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bekun FV, Umarbeyli S, Adebayo TS, Akinsola GD, Kirikkaleli D, Osemeahon OS (2021) Economic performance of Indonesia amidst CO2 emissions and agriculture: a time series analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1–15

  • Can M, Gozgor G (2017) The impact of economic complexity on carbon emissions: evidence from France. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(19):16364–16370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9219-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charfeddine L (2017) The impact of energy consumption and economic development on ecological footprint and CO2 emissions: evidence from a Markov switching equilibrium correction model. Energy Economics 65:355–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.05.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danish, Hassan ST, Baloch MA, Mehmood N, Zhang J (2019) Linking economic growth and ecological footprint through human capital and biocapacity. Sustain Cities Soc 47:101516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Destek MA, Sarkodie SA (2019) Investigation of environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint: the role of energy and financial development. Sci Total Environ 650:2483–2489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Destek MA, Ulucak R, Dogan E (2018) Analyzing the environmental Kuznets curve for the EU countries: the role of ecological footprint. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(29):29387–29396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2911-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doğan B, Driha OM, Balsalobre Lorente D, Shahzad U (2020) The mitigating effects of economic complexity and renewable energy on carbon emissions in developed countries. Sustain Dev. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doğan B, Saboori B, Can M (2019) Does economic complexity matter for environmental degradation? An empirical analysis for different stages of development. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(31):31900–31912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06333-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrone P, Grilli L (2010) Is there a relationship between public expenditures in energy R&D and carbon emissions per GDP? An empirical investigation. Energy Policy 38(10):5600–5613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.04.057

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GFN (2020) Global Footprint Network. Available at https://www.footprintnetwork.org/licenses/public-data-package-free/ (accessed on January, 2020)

  • Gyamfi BA, Adedoyin FF, Bein MA, Bekun FV (2021) Environmental implications of N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve for E7 countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res

  • Hassan ST, Xia E, Khan NH, Mohsin S, Shah A (2019) Economic growth, natural resources, and ecological footprints: evidence from Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(3):2929–2938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3803-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heilbronner RLH (1974) An inquiry into the human prospect. Norton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu G, Can M, Paramati SR, Doğan B, Fang J (2020) The effect of import product diversification on carbon emissions: new evidence for sustainable economic policies. Econ Anal Policy 65:198–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2020.01.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ICRG. (2020). International Country Risk Guide. Available at https://www.prsgroup.com/explore-our-products/international-country-risk-guide/ (accessed on January, 2020)

  • IEA. (2020). International Energy Association. Available at http://wds.iea.org/ (accessed on January, 2020)

  • IMF. (2020). The International Monetary Fund. Available at https://data.imf.org/?sk=388dfa60-1d26-4ade-b505-a05a558d9a42 (accessed on January, 2020)

  • Jin L, Duan K, Shi C, Ju X (2017) The impact of technological progress in the energy sector on carbon emissions: an empirical analysis from China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14(12):1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121505

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katircioglu S, Gokmenoglu KK, Eren BM (2018) Testing the role of tourism development in ecological footprint quality: evidence from top 10 tourist destinations. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(33):33611–33619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3324-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirikkaleli D, Adebayo TS, Khan Z, Ali S (2021) Does globalization matter for ecological footprint in Turkey? Evidence from dual adjustment approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(11):14009–14017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kihombo S, Ahmed Z, Chen S, Adebayo TS, Kirikkaleli D (2021a). Linking financial development, economic growth, and ecological footprint: what is the role of technological innovation?. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1–11

  • Kihombo S, Vaseer AI, Ahmed Z, Chen S, Kirikkaleli D, Adebayo TS (2021b). Is there a tradeoff between financial globalization, economic growth, and environmental sustainability? An advanced panel analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1–11

  • Lan Z, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Jiao R, Khan MN, Sial TA, Si B (2021) Long-term vegetation restoration increases deep soil carbon storage in the Northern Loess Plateau. Sci Rep 11(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93157-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li L, Sun W, Hu W, Sun Y (2021) Impact of natural and social environmental factors on building energy consumption: based on bibliometrics. J Build Eng 102136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.102136

  • Lin X, Zhao Y, Ahmad M, Ahmed Z, Rjoub H, Adebayo TS (2021) Linking innovative human capital, economic growth, and CO2 emissions: an empirical study based on Chinese provincial panel data. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(16):8503

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lobon OR, Wang KH, Liu L, Adebayo TS, Claudia MN (2021) Fiscal decentralization, political stability and resources curse hypothesis: a case of fiscal decentralized economies. Resour Policy 72:102071

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koçak E, Ulucak ZŞ (2019) The effect of energy R&D expenditures on CO2 emission reduction: estimation of the STIRPAT model for OECD countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04712-2

  • Lv Z (2017) The effect of democracy on CO2 emissions in emerging countries: does the level of income matter? Renew Sustain Energy Rev 72:900–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.096

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma Q, Murshed M, Khan Z (2021) The nexuses between energy investments, technological innovations, emission taxes, and carbon emissions in China. Energy Policy 155:112345

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martins JM, Adebayo TS, Mata MN, Oladipupo SD, Adeshola I, Ahmed Z, Correira AB (2021) Modeling the relationship between economic complexity and environmental degradation: evidence from top seven economic complexity countries. Front Environ Sci 9:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murshed M (2020) An empirical analysis of the non-linear impacts of ICT-trade openness on renewable energy transition, energy efficiency, clean cooking fuel access and environmental sustainability in South Asia. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(29):36254–36281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murshed M, Elheddad M, Ahmed R, Bassim M, Than ET (2021) Foreign direct investments, renewable electricity output, and ecological footprints: do financial globalization facilitate renewable energy transition and environmental welfare in Bangladesh? Asia-Pacific Finan Markets. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10690-021-09335-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nathaniel SP (2021a) Ecological footprint, energy use, trade, and urbanization linkage in Indonesia. GeoJournal 86(5):2057–2070

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nathaniel SP (2021b) Economic complexity versus ecological footprint in the era of globalization: evidence from ASEAN countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1–11

  • Odugbesan, J. A. & Adebayo, T. S. (2020). Modeling CO 2 emissions in South Africa: empirical evidence from ARDL based bounds and wavelet coherence techniques. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1–13

  • OEC. (2020). The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Available at https://oec.world/en/rankings/country/eci/ (accessed on January, 2020)

  • Ozturk I, Al-Mulali U, Saboori B (2016) Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: the role of tourism and ecological footprint. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(2):1916–1928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5447-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quan Q, Gao S, Shang Y, Wang B (2021) Assessment of the sustainability of Gymnocypris eckloni habitat under river damming in the source region of the Yellow River. Sci Total Environ 778:146312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146312

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rjoub H, Akinsola GD, Adebayo TS, Oladipupo, S. D. (2021). The asymmetric effects of renewable energy consumption and trade openness on carbon emissions in Sweden: new evidence from quantile-on-quantile regression approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1–12

  • Roberts JT, Parks BC (2008) A climate of injustice: global inequality, north-south politics, and climate policy. Ethics Int Aff 22(2):229–230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2008.00150.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkodie SA (2018) The invisible hand and EKC hypothesis: what are the drivers of environmental degradation and pollution in Africa? Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(22):21993–22022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2347-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz M, Sinha A (2019) Environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: a literature survey. Journal of Economic Studies 46(1):106–168. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-09-2017-0249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz M, Sinha A, Kontoleon A (2020) Decomposing scale and technique effects of economic growth on energy consumption: fresh evidence from developing economies. Int J Financ Econ. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz M, Sinha A, Raghutla C, Vo XV (2022) Decomposing scale and technique effects of financial development and foreign direct investment on renewable energy consumption. Energy 238:121758

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha A, Gupta M, Shahbaz M, Sengupta T (2019) Impact of corruption in public sector on environmental quality: implications for sustainability in BRICS and next 11 countries. J Clean Prod 232:1379–1393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soylu ÖB, Adebayo TS, Kirikkaleli D (2021) The imperativeness of environmental quality in China amidst renewable energy consumption and trade openness. Sustainability 13(9):5054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shan S, Ahmad M, Tan Z, Adebayo TS, Li RYM, Kirikkaleli D (2021) The role of energy prices and non-linear fiscal decentralization in limiting carbon emissions: tracking environmental sustainability. Energy 234:121243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tillaguango B, Alvarado R, Dagar V, Murshed M, Pinzón Y, Méndez P (2021) Convergence of the ecological footprint in Latin America: the role of the productive structure. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14745-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tirgil, A., Acar, Y., & Ozgur, O. (2021). Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve: evidence from Turkey. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1–20.

  • Uddin GA, Salahuddin M, Alam K, Gow J (2017) Ecological footprint and real income: panel data evidence from the 27 highest emitting countries. Ecol Ind 77:166–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.01.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Usman O, Iorember PT, Olanipekun IO (2019) Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in India: the effects of energy consumption and democracy. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(13):13390–13400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04696-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang N, Zhu H, Guo Y, Peng C (2018) The heterogeneous effect of democracy, political globalization, and urbanization on PM2.5 concentrations in G20 countries: evidence from panel quantile regression. J Clean Prod 194:54–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.092

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westerlund J (2007) Testing for error correction in panel data. Oxford Bull Econ Stat 69(6):709–748. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westerlund J (2008) Panel cointegration tests of the Fisher effect. J Appl Economet 23(2):193–233. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.967

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. (2020). World Development Indicators. The World Bank. Available at https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators# (accessed on January, 2020)

  • Wu B, Fang H, Jacoby G, Li G, Wu Z (2021) Environmental regulations and innovation for sustainability? Moderating effect of political connections. Emerg Mark Rev 100835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2021.100835

  • Wu B, Monfort A, Jin C, Shen X (2022) Substantial response or impression management? Compliance strategies for sustainable development responsibility in family firms. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 174:121214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang F, Lu Y, Li J, Ni J (2021) Evaluating environmentally sustainable development based on the PSR framework and variable weigh analytic hierarchy process. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(6):2836. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062836

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xue L, Haseeb M, Mahmood H, Alkhateeb TTY, Murshed M (2021) Renewable energy use and ecological footprints mitigation: evidence from selected South Asian economies. Sustainability 13(4):1613. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041613

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuping L, Ramzan M, Xincheng L, Murshed M, Awosusi AA, BAH, S. I., & Adebayo, T. S. (2021) Determinants of carbon emissions in Argentina: the roles of renewable energy consumption and globalization. Energy Rep 7:4747–4760

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeraibi A, Balsalobre-Lorente D, Murshed M (2021) Nexus between renewable electricity generation capacity, technological innovations, financial development, economic growth and ecological footprints in selected ASEAN countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(37):51003–51021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14301-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, L., Li, Z., Kirikkaleli, D., Adebayo, T. S., Adeshola, I., & Akinsola, G. D. (2021). Modeling CO 2 emissions in Malaysia: an application of Maki cointegration and wavelet coherence tests. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1–15.

  • Ramzan M, He K, Awosusi AA, Ahmed Z, Ahmad M, Altuntaş M (2021) Does Globalization Moderate the Effect of Economic Complexity on CO2 Emissions? Evidence From the Top 10 Energy Transition Economies. Frontier in Environmental Science. 9(3):23–35. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.778088

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research work is funded by ILMA University under the ILMA Research Publication Grant.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China

    Zahoor Ahmed

  2. Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, ILMA University, Karachi, Pakistan

    Zahoor Ahmed

  3. Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration, Cyprus International University, Northern Cyprus TR-10 Mersin, Nicosia, Turkey

    Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo

  4. Faculty of Economics Administrative and Social Sciences, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Edmund Ntom Udemba

  5. School of Business and Economics, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh

    Muntasir Murshed

  6. Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Department of Banking and Finance, European University of Lefke, Northern Cyprus TR-10 Mersin, Lefke, Turkey

    Dervis Kirikkaleli

Authors
  1. Zahoor Ahmed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Edmund Ntom Udemba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Muntasir Murshed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Dervis Kirikkaleli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Zahoor Ahmed: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, writing of the original manuscript, and writing which included review and editing. Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo: writing of the original manuscript, project supervision, and methodology. Edmund Ntom Udemba: resources, validation, and writing of the original manuscript. Muntasir Murshed: writing of the original manuscript, writing which included review and editing, and validation; Dervis Kirikkaleli: writing of the original manuscript, visualization, and project administration.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dervis Kirikkaleli.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

NA

Consent for publication

NA

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor:Roula Inglesi-Lotz

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ahmed, Z., Adebayo, T.S., Udemba, E.N. et al. Effects of economic complexity, economic growth, and renewable energy technology budgets on ecological footprint: the role of democratic accountability. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 24925–24940 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17673-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17673-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation