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Efficient photocatalytic degradation of metronidazole from aqueous solutions using Co/g-C3N4/Fe3O4 nanocomposite under visible light irradiation

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Abstract

Herein, the efficient degradation of a highly consumed antibiotic known as metronidazole (MNZ) in aqueous solutions using Co/g-C3N4/Fe3O4 nanocomposite under visible light irradiation was accomplished. Initially, the photocatalyst (Co/g-C3N4/Fe3O4) was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method and then characterized by several analytical techniques, namely EDS, SEM, XRD, UV–vis DRS, and FTIR. The efficiency of the synthesized photocatalyst with regard to the degradation of the studied antibiotic (MNZ) under visible light irradiation was fully evaluated. The influential operational parameters affecting the efficiency of the degradation process such as pH (2–10), nanocomposite dosage (0.2–1 g/L), MNZ concentration (5–20 mg/L), and irradiation time (0–80 min) were optimized. The results revealed that the maximum degradation efficiency for MNZ was obtained under the following conditions: irradiation time of 60 min, pH = 8, MNZ concentration of 5 mg/L, and photocatalyst dosage of 0.7 g/L. In addition, the degradation of MNZ followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The best rate constant (k) value was determined to be 0.0102 min−1 with the correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.992. According to the results of the quenching tests, it was found out that hydroxyl radicals (OH°) were the main species responsible for the MNZ degradation. Furthermore, the applied photocatalyst (Co/g-C3N4/Fe3O4) exhibited a high level of recovery and stability after five cycles of reuse. Co/g-C3N4/Fe3O4/Vis system exhibited an excellent performance in the treatment of wastewater and real water samples. Finally, it was concluded that the synthesized nanocomposite could be potentially used as a promising and suitable photocatalyst in the degradation of other antibiotics.

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Funding

The authors would like to gratefully appreciate the Iran University of Medical Sciences for the provision of financial supports (Grant No. 99-3-61-20007).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mojtaba Yeganeh & Ali Esrafili

  2. Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mojtaba Yeganeh & Ali Esrafili

  3. Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

    Hamid Reza Sobhi

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  1. Mojtaba Yeganeh
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  2. Hamid Reza Sobhi
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  3. Ali Esrafili
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Mojtaba Yeganeh: Investigation/writing original draft, formal analysis methodology. Hamid Reza Sobhi: Conceptualization, writing-reviewing and editing. Ali Esrafili: Visualization, writing original draft/review and editing, supervision.

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Correspondence to Ali Esrafili.

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Yeganeh, M., Sobhi, H.R. & Esrafili, A. Efficient photocatalytic degradation of metronidazole from aqueous solutions using Co/g-C3N4/Fe3O4 nanocomposite under visible light irradiation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 25486–25495 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17077-2

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