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Effect of degradation of a black mangrove forest on seasonal greenhouse gas emissions

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Abstract

Mangroves play an essential role in the global carbon cycle. However, they are highly vulnerable to degradation with little-known effects on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study compared seasonal soil carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from a black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) forest in the Tampamachoco coastal lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico, in areas subjected to different degrees of environmental degradation (full canopy, transitional and dead mangrove), caused by hydrological perturbation. Furthermore, we aimed at determining the environmental factors driving seasonal fluxes. There was a combined effect of seasonality and degradation on CH4 fluxes, highest during the rainy season in the dead mangrove (0.93 ± 0.18 mg CH4 m-2 h-1). CO2 fluxes were highest during the dry season (220 ± 23 mg CO2 m-2 h-1), with no significant differences among degradation levels. N2O fluxes did not vary among seasons or degradation levels (− 3.8 to 2.9 mg N2O m-2 h-1). The overall CO2-eq emission rate was 15.3 ± 2.7 Mg CO2-eq ha-1 year-1, with CO2 as the main gas contributing to total emissions. The main factors controlling CH4 fluxes were seasonal porewater salinity and the availability of NO2–, NO3–, and SO4–2 in the soil, favored by high water level and temperature in the absence of pneumatophores. The main determining factors controlling CO2 fluxes were water level, porewater redox potential, and soil Cl– and SO4–2 concentration. Finally, N2O fluxes were related to NO2–, NO3–, and SO4–2 soil concentrations. This study contributes to improving the knowledge of soil GHG fluxes dynamics in mangroves and the effect of degradation of these ecosystems on the coastal biogeochemical cycles, which may bring important insights for assessing accurate ways to mitigate climate change protecting and restoring these ecosystems.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank M. Rivera, A. Ibarra, A. Corona, J.J. Von Thaden, E. Cruz, A. Hernández, A. Cristóbal, A. Cortes, and P. Malerva for their valuable help during fieldwork.

Funding

This study was funded by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), through a Basic Science Grant #258412 awarded to MEH, and by CONABIO projects MN001 and HH025 awarded to JLP. This study is in partial fulfillment of the doctorate degree of HRU at the Posgrado de Ecología y Manejo de Recursos (INECOL) with the support of a CONACYT grant #296826.

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  1. Functional Ecology Network, Institute of Ecology A.C, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, 91070, Xalapa, Veracruz, México

    Humberto M. Romero-Uribe & Jorge López-Portillo

  2. Advance Molecular Studies Network, Institute of Ecology A.C., Centro Regional del Bajío, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas No. 253, Michoacán, 61600, Pátzcuaro, México

    Frédérique Reverchon

  3. Biotechnological Resource Management Network, Institute of Ecology, A.C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, 91070, Xalapa, Veracruz, México

    Humberto M. Romero-Uribe & María E. Hernández

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  1. Humberto M. Romero-Uribe
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  2. Jorge López-Portillo
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  3. Frédérique Reverchon
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  4. María E. Hernández
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HRU participated in conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, and the original draft writing. JLP participated in conceptualization, funding acquisition, writing – review & editing, provided resources, and supervision. FR participated in writing - review & editing, and supervision. MEH participated in conceptualization, methodology, funding acquisition, writing – review & editing, provided resources, and supervision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to María E. Hernández.

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Romero-Uribe, .M., López-Portillo, J., Reverchon, F. et al. Effect of degradation of a black mangrove forest on seasonal greenhouse gas emissions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 11951–11965 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16597-1

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