Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

A holistic study on fluoride-contaminated groundwater models and its widespread effects in healthcare and irrigation

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Groundwater is a key resource in the world. Its importance is often undermined, despite the various applications which include irrigation, drinking, sanitation, and industrial uses. One of the contaminants of groundwater is fluoride or the fluorine ion. Fluoride is a common pollutant of water, carrying potential benefits and costs to various sectors. Fluoride contamination of groundwater can impact humans, animals, healthcare, and the agricultural sector in direct or indirect ways. This paper aims to establish the definition of fluoride contamination of groundwater and simultaneously provide an outline of a few common sources that may cause fluoride contamination. Furthermore, this study will lay out the impacts of fluoride-contaminated groundwater on two sectors: healthcare and agriculture/irrigation. This study will also summarize various other research projects conducted across the world, which deliver promising evidence to support the points made throughout the paper. In addition to a detailed analysis of the impacts of fluoride on the healthcare and agricultural sector, this study also evaluates few other challenges which this issue poses and how to overcome them in the near future. A summation of deflouridation techniques is included, along with the future scope pertaining to the field of fluoride contamination. Another objective of the study is to spread awareness about the various health impacts that fluoride contamination poses and encourages consumption of fluoride in accordance with the set limit of 0.5–1.5 mg/L. The motivation behind writing this review is to compile and document various researches, along with an address on this prevalent issue to minimize the detrimental impacts and potential health risks on the society. The results of this study help to minimize risks in the future and encourage scientists to come up with mitigation strategies to ensure a safer environment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

All relevant data and material are presented in the main paper.

References

  • Adeyeye OA, Xiao C, Zhang Z, Yawe AS, Liang X (2021) Groundwater fluoride chemistry and health risk assessment of multi-aquifers in Jilin Qianan, Northeastern China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 211:111926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111926

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adimalla N (2019) Groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes and potential health risks assessment: a case study from semi-arid region of South India. Exp Health 11(2):109–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-018-0288-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adimalla N, Li P, Qian H (2019a) Evaluation of groundwater contamination for fluoride and nitrate in semi-arid region of Nirmal Province, South India: a special emphasis on human health risk assessment (HHRA). Hum Ecol Risk Assess 25(5):1107–1124. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1460579

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adimalla N, Venkatayogi S, Das SVG (2019b) Assessment of fluoride contamination and distribution: a case study from a rural part of Andhra Pradesh, India. Appl Water Sci 9:94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-0968-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alfredo KA, Lawler DF, Katz LE (2014) Fluoride contamination in the Bongo District of Ghana, West Africa: geogenic contamination and cultural complexities. Water Int 39(4):486–503. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2014.926234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alhababy AM, Al-Rajab AJ (2015) Groundwater quality assessment in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Curr World Environ 10:22–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ali S, Thakur Sachin K, Sarkar A, Shekhar S (2016) Worldwide contamination of water by fluoride. Environmental Chemistry Letters 14(3):291–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-016-0563-5

  • Anshumali BK (2014) Fluoride in agricultural soil: a review on its sources and toxicity to plants. Global Sustain Transitions: Impacts and Innovations 3:29e37

    Google Scholar 

  • Aravinthasamy P, Karunanidhi D, Subramani T, Anand B, Priyadarsi DR, Srinivasamoorthy K (2019) Fluoride contamination in groundwater of the Shanmuganadhi River Basin (south India) and its association with other chemical constituents using geographical information system and multivariate statistics. Geochemistry, S0009281919300510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2019.125555

  • Ayoob S, Gupta AK (2006) Fluoride in drinking water: a review on the status and stress effects. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 36(6):433–487

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ayoob S, Gupta AK, Bhat VT (2008) A conceptual overview on sustainable technologies for the defluoridation of drinking water. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 38:6,401–6,470

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baba A, Tayfur G (2011) Groundwater contamination and its effect on health in Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 183(1–4):77–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-1907-z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee A, Roychoudhury A, Ghosh P (2019) Differential fluoride uptake induces variable physiological damage in a non-aromatic and an aromatic indica rice cultivar. Plant Physiol Biochem 142:143–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.06.034

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya P, Adhikari S, Samal AC, Das R, Dey D, Deb A, Ahmed S, Hussein J, De A, Das A, Joardar M, Panigrahi AK, Roychowdhury T, Santra SC (2020) Health risk assessment of co-occurrence of toxic fluoride and arsenic in groundwater of Dharmanagar region, North Tripura (India). Groundw Sustain Dev 11:100430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brands E, Rajagopal R, Eleswarapu U, & Li, P. (2017). Groundwater. In International encyclopedia of geography: people, the earth, environment and technology (Issue October 2018, pp. 1–17). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0677

  • Bretzler A, Johnson CA (2015) The geogenic contamination handbook: addressing arsenic and fluoride in drinking water. Appl Geochem 63:642–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.08.016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brindha K, & Elango L (2011). Fluoride in groundwater: causes, implications and mitigation measures. Fluoride: properties, applications and environmental management, July, 113–136.

  • Budisa N, Kubyshkin V, Schulze-Makuch D (2014) Fluorine-Rich Planetary Environments as Possible Habitats for Life. Life 4(3):374–385. https://doi.org/10.3390/life4030374

  • Bustingorri C, Lavado RS (2014) Soybean as affected by high concentrations of arsenic and fluoride in irrigation water in controlled conditions. Agric Water Manag 144:134–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.06.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choudhary S, Rani M, Devika OS, Patra A (2019) Impact of fluoride on agriculture: a review on it’s sources, toxicity in plants and mitigation strategies. Int J Chem Stud 7(2):1675–1680

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das SK, Das RK (2020) Investigation on fluoride concentration in ground water by hydrochemical pathway. Int J Environ Anal Chem 00(00):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2019.1694672

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darchen A, Sivasankar V, Chaabane T, Prabhakaran M (2016) Methods of Defluoridation: Adsorption and Regeneration of Adsorbents. In: Sivasankar V. (eds) Surface Modified Carbons as Scavengers for Fluoride from Water. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40686-2_4

  • Datta PS, Deb DL, Tyagi SK (1996) Stable isotope (18O) investigations on the processes controlling fluoride contamination of groundwater 24(1):85–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(96)00004-6

  • David LO (2009) Fluoride and environmental health: a review. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 8:59–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-008-9136-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dissanayake CB (1991) The fluoride problem in the ground water of Sri Lanka — environmental management and health. Int J Environ Stud 38(2-3):137–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207239108710658

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2013) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2013. FAO Statistical Yearbook 2013: World Food and Agriculture. pp. 289

  • Farooqi A (2015). Arsenic and fluoride contamination. In Arsenic and fluoride contamination. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2298-9

  • Firempong C, Nsiah K, Awunyo-Vitor D, Dongsogo J (2013) Soluble fluoride levels in drinking water-a major risk factor of dental fluorosis among children in Bongo community of Ghana. Ghana Med J 47(1):16–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeze R, Lehr J (2009) The Fluoride wars: how a modest public health measure became America’s longest running political Melodrama. Wiley, New York

  • Ganyaglo SY, Gibrilla A, Teye EM, Owusu-Ansah EDGJ, Tettey S, Diabene PY, Asimah S (2019) Groundwater fluoride contamination and probabilistic health risk assessment in fluoride endemic areas of the Upper East Region, Ghana. Chemosphere 233:862–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.276

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gazzano E, Bergandi L, Riganti C, Aldieri E, Doublier S, Costamagna C, Bosia A, Ghigo D (2010) Fluoride effects: the two faces of janus. Curr Med Chem 17(22):2431–2441. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986710791698503

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gleeson T, Wada Y, Bierkens MF, van Beek LP (2012) Water balance of global aquifers revealed by groundwater footprint. Nature 488:197–200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godson E (2021) Exploring The Relationship Between Diabetes Mellitus And Environmental Fluoride Contamination In Selected Areas Of Tanzania. Afribary. Retrieved from https://afribary.com/works/exploring-the-relationship-between-diabetes-mellitus-and-environmental-fluoridecontamination-in-selected-areas-of-tanzania

  • Goldberg M (2018) Fluoride: double-edged sword implicated in caries prevention and in fluorosis. J Cell Dev Biol 1(1):10–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grace ND, Loganathan P, Hedley MJ, Wallace GC (2003) Ingestion of soil fluorine: its impact on the fluorine metabolism and status of grazing young sheep. N Z J Agric Res 46(4):279–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2003.9513555

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta N, Yadav KK, Kumar V, Singh D (2013) Assessment of physicochemical properties of Yamuna River in Agra City. Int J Chem Res 5(1):528–531

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta SK, Gupta R, Chhabra S, Eskiocak S, Gupta A, Gupta R (2008) Health issues related to N pollution in water and air. Curr Sci 94(11):1469–1477

  • Gautam R, Bhardwaj N, Saini Y (2010) FLUORIDE ACCUMULATION BY VEGETABLES AND CROPS GROWN IN NAWA TEHSIL OF NAGAUR DISTRICT (RAJASTHAN, INDIA). Journal of Phytology 2(2):80–85

  • Gwala P, Andey S, Nagarnaik P, Ghosh SP, Pal P, Deshmukh P, Labhasetwar P (2014) Design and development of sustainable remediation process for mitigation of fluoride contamination in ground water and field application for domestic use. Sci Total Environ 488–489(1):588–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.054

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hameed A, Nazir S, Rehman JU, Ahmad N, Hussain A, Alam I, Nazir A, Tahir MB (2020) Assessment of health hazards related to contaminations of fluorides, nitrates, and nitrites in drinking water of Vehari, Punjab, Pakistan. Hum Ecol Risk Assess, 0(0) 27:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2020.1858021

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herath H, Kawakami T, Tafu M (2018) The extremely high adsorption capacity of fluoride by chicken bone char (CBC) in defluoridation of drinking water in relation to its finer particle size for better human health. Healthcare 6(4):123. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare6040123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson JS, Weinstein H, Mccune DC, Hitchcock AE (1966) The Accumulation of Fluorine by Plants. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 16(8):412–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1966.10468494

  • Jha BM, Sinha SK (2010) Towards better management of ground water resources in India. Water Energy Int 67(1):2–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Jha SK, Singh RK, Damodaran T, Mishra VK, Sharma DK, Rai D (2013) Fluoride in Groundwater: Toxicological Exposure and Remedies. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B 16(1):52–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2013.769420

  • Kabir H, Gupta AK, Tripathy S (2020) Fluoride and human health: systematic appraisal of sources, exposures, metabolism, and toxicity. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 50(11):1116–1193. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2019.1647028

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kadam A, Wagh V, Umrikar B, Sankhua R (2020) An implication of boron and fluoride contamination and its exposure risk in groundwater resources in semi-arid region, Western India. Environ Dev Sustain 22(7):7033–7056. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00527-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karro E, Uppin M (2013) The occurrence and hydrochemistry of fluoride and boron in carbonate aquifer system, central and western Estonia. Environ Monit Assess 185:3735–3748

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karunanidhi D, Aravinthasamy P, Subramani T, Wu J, Srinivasamoorthy K (2019) Potential health risk assessment for fluoride and nitrate contamination in hard rock aquifers of Shanmuganadhi River basin, South India. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 25(1–2):250–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1568859

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keesari T, Sinha UK, Kamaraj P, Sharma DA (2019) Groundwater quality in a semi-arid region of India: suitability for drinking, agriculture and fluoride exposure risk. J Earth Syst Sci 128(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-018-1049-6

  • Khairnar MR, Dodamani AS, Jadhav HC, Naik RG, Deshmukh MA (2015) Mitigation of fluorosis - a review. J Clin Diagn Res 9(6):ZE05–ZE09. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/13261.6085

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SH, Kim K, Ko KS, Kim Y, Lee KS (2012) Co-contamination of arsenic and fluoride in the groundwater of unconsolidated aquifers under reducing environments. Chemosphere 87:851–856

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar M, Snow DD, Honda R, (2020a). Emerging issues in the water environment during Anthropocene. A South East Asian Perspect 1-365.

  • Kumar M, Goswami R, Patel AK, Srivastava M, Das N (2020b) Scenario, perspectives and mechanism of arsenic and fluoride co-occurrence in the groundwater: a review. Chemosphere 249:126126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kundu MC, Mandal B (2009) Agricultural activities influence nitrate and fluoride contamination in drinking groundwater of an intensively cultivated district in India. Water Air Soil Pollut 198(1–4):243–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9842-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kundu MC, Mandal B, Hazra GC (2009) Nitrate and fluoride contamination in groundwater of an intensively managed agroecosystem: a functional relationship. Sci Total Environ 407(8):2771–2782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.048

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li P, Qian H, Wu J, Chen J, Zhang Y, Zhang H (2014) Occurrence and hydrogeochemistry of fluoride in alluvial aquifer of Weihe River, China 71(7):3133–3145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2691-6

  • Maity J., Vithange M, Kumar M, Ghosh A, Mohan D, Ahmad A, Bhattacharya P (2021) Seven 21st century challenges of arsenic-fluoride contamination and remediation 12:100538

  • Maurer JK, Cheng MC, Boysen BG, Anderson RL (1990) Two-Year Carcinogenicity Study of Sodium Fluoride in Rats. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 82(13), 1118–1126. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.13.1118

  • Mishra PC, Sahu SK, Bhoi AK, Mohapatra SC (2014) Fluoride Uptake and Net Primary Productivity of Selected Crops. Open Journal of Soil Science 04(11), Article ID:51970,10 pages.

  • Mondal NK (2017) Effect of fluoride on photosynthesis, growth and accumulation of four widely cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in India. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 144(May):36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.06.009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee I, Singh UK (2018) Groundwater fluoride contamination, probable release, and containment mechanisms: a review on Indian context. Environ Geochem Health 40:1–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0096-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray RJ (1960) The geology of the “Zuarungu”. Ghana Press, Accra

  • Murtaza B, Natasha A, Shahid MM, Imran M, Shah NS, Abbas G, Naeem MA, Amjad M (2020) Compositional and health risk assessment of drinking water from health facilities of District Vehari, Pakistan. Environ Geochem Health 42(8):2425–2437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00465-6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagaraju A, Thejaswi A, Aitkenhead-Peterson JA (2017) Fluoride and heavy metal accumulation by vegetation in the fluoride affected area of Talupula, Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh. J Geol Soc India 89(1):27–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-017-0555-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narsimha A, Sudarshan V (2017) Assessment of fluoride contamination in groundwater from Basara, Adilabad District, Telangana State, India. Appl Water Sci 7:2717–2725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0489-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nayak B, Roy MM, Das B, Pal A, Sengupta MK, Prasad De S, Chakraborti D (2009) Health effects of groundwater fluoride contamination. Clin Toxicol 47(4):292–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650802660349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ochieng JK. 2014. Aluminium and fluoride levels in soil, water and foods in Mwingi and Thika district [Doctoral dissertation].

  • Okibe FG, Ekanem EJ, Paul ED, Shallangwa GA, Ekwumemgbo PA, Sallau MS, Abanka OC (2010) Fluoride Content of Soil and Vegetables from Irrigation Farms on the Bank of River Galma, Zaria, Nigeria. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 4(5):779-784

  • Pant S, Pant P, Bhiravamurth P (2018) Effects of fluoride on early growth of typical crop plants of India. Research report Fluoride 41(1)57–60

  • Prystupa J (2011) Fluorine - a current literature review. An NRC and ATSDR based review of safety standards for exposure to fluorine and fluorides. Toxicol Mech Methods 21(2):103–170. https://doi.org/10.3109/15376516.2010.542931

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajkumar S, Murugesh S, Sivasankar V, Darchen A, Msagati TAM, Chaabane T (2019) Low-cost fluoride adsorbents prepared from a renewable biowaste: syntheses, characterization and modeling studies. Arab J Chem 12(8):3004–3017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.06.028

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ram R, Soni V, Khastgir D (2020) Electrical and thermal conductivity of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) – Conducting Carbon Black (CCB) composites: Validation of various theoretical models. Composites Part B: Engineering 107748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107748

  • Rasool A, Farooqi A, Xiao T, Ali W, Noor S, Abiola O, Ali S, Nasim W (2017) A review of global outlook on fluoride contamination in groundwater with prominence on the Pakistan current situation. Environ Geochem Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-017-0054-z

  • Rishi MS, Kaur L, Sharma S (2020) Groundwater quality appraisal for non-carcinogenic human health risks and irrigation purposes in a part of Yamuna sub-basin, India. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 26(10):2716–2736. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1682514

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rondano Gómez K, López Pasquali CE, González GP, Hernando PF, Martínez RMG (2020) Statistical evaluation of fluoride contamination in groundwater resources of Santiago del Estero Province, Argentina. Geosci Front S1674987120300670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2020.02.018

  • Shahab S, Mustafa G, Khan I, Zahid M., Yasinzai, M., Ameer, N., Asghar, N., Ullah, I., Nadhman, A., Ahmed, A., Munir, I., Mujahid, A., Hussain, T., Ahmad, N., Ahmad, S.S., (2017) Effects of fluoride toxicity on animals, plants, and soil health: a review. Research reviewFluoride 50(4)393–408

  • Sharma S, Kumar V, Yadav KK, Gupta N, Verma C (2015) Long-term assessment of fly ash disposal on physico-chemical properties of soil. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol 2:105–110

  • Singh G, Kumari B, Sinam G, Kriti K, N., & Mallick, S. (2018) Fluoride distribution and contamination in the water, soil and plants continuum and its remedial technologies, an Indian perspective– a review. Environ Pollut 239:95–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh A, Patel AK, Kumar M (2020) Mitigating the risk of arsenic and fluoride contamination of groundwater through a multi-model framework of statistical assessment and natural remediation techniques. In: Kumar M, Snow D, Honda R (eds) Emerging issues in the water environment during Anthropocene. Springer Transactions in Civil and Environmental Engineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9771-5_15

  • Szostek R, Ciećko Z (2017) Effect of soil contamination with fluorine on the yield and content of nitrogen forms in the biomass of crops. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(9):8588–8601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8523-6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari AK, Singh AK, Mahato MK (2017) GIS based evaluation of fluoride contamination and assessment of fluoride exposure dose in groundwater of a district in Uttar Pradesh, India. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 23(1):56–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2016.1220824

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tylenda CA, 2011. Toxicological profile for fluorides, hydrogen fluoride and fluorine (F). Diane Publishing, p. 383.

  • UNESCO, (2007). Water Portal newsletter no. 161: water-related diseases.

  • Weinstein LH, Davison AW (2003) Native plant species suitable as bioindicators and biomonitors for airborne fluoride. Environ Pollut 125(1):3e11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein LH, McCune DC (1971) Effects of fluoride on agriculture. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 21(7):410–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1971.10469550

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2006) Fluoride in drinking water, World Health Organization. IWA Publication, London

  • Xu B, Zhang Y, Wang J (2019) Hydrogeochemistry and human health risks of groundwater fluoride in Jinhuiqu irrigation district of Wei river basin, China. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 25(1–2):230–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1530939

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav KK, Kumar S, Pham QB, Gupta N, Rezania S, Kamyab H, Yadav S, Vymazal J, Kumar V, Tri DQ, Talaiekhozani A, Prasad S, Reece LM, Singh N, Maurya PK, Cho J (2019) Fluoride contamination, health problems and remediation methods in Asian groundwater: a comprehensive review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 182(June):109362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.045

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yousefi M, Yaseri M, Nabizadeh R, Hooshmand E, Jalilzadeh M, Mahvi AH, Mohammadi AA (2018) Association of hypertension, body mass index, and waist circumference with fluoride intake; water drinking in residents of fluoride endemic areas, Iran. Biol Trace Elem Res 185(2):282–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1269-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Q, Xu P, Qian H, Yang F (2020) Hydrogeochemistry and fluoride contamination in Jiaokou Irrigation District, Central China: assessment based on multivariate statistical approach and human health risk. Sci Total Environ 741:140460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140460

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav RKr, Gautam R, Saini Y, Singh A (2012) Endemic Dental Fluorosis and Associated Risk Factors in Dausa District, Rajasthan (India). World Applied Sciences Journal 16(1):30-33

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to The Doon School and Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University for the permission to publish this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Doon School, Dehradun, India

    Rajveer S. Dhingra

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382426, India

    Manan Shah

Authors
  1. Rajveer S. Dhingra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Manan Shah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All the authors make a substantial contribution to this manuscript. RD and MS participated in drafting the manuscript. RD wrote the main manuscript. All the authors discussed the results and implication on the manuscript at all stages.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Manan Shah.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dhingra, R.S., Shah, M. A holistic study on fluoride-contaminated groundwater models and its widespread effects in healthcare and irrigation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 60329–60345 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16367-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16367-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation